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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Figure 4.5.1 Lignol Process Diagram [LI 2005a] Wood extractives include various chemical compounds and are raw materials for a substantial chemicals industry including printing inks, flavours and fragrances. BC companies lead the way in studying one component — phytosterols — recovered from the extractives fraction of softwoods such as spruce or pine. Phytosterols are increasingly in demand for the manufacture of cholesterol-lowering margarines and spreads. 4.5.2 Energy Balance The energy balance presented here is preliminary with respect to process energy needs as the exact process data were not available for this analysis. In the absence of actual process data, it is therefore assumed that the plant uses an amount of energy similar to starch-based ethanol production processes, rather than those based on lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as the energy-intensive Iogen process. Steam use for that process is 13.5 MJ/litre, and electricity use is modelled as 0.074 kWh/litre of ethanol [AAFC 1999]. However, half of the energy demand for steam can be covered by the combustion of the bark residue. The plant is also allowed some diesel fuel to run various engines (0.03 litres per litre of ethanol). Transport parameters are 150 km transport of logs to the plant, and 700 km rail transport of ethanol. No transportation of co- products was included here. As shown in Figure 4.5.2, a bit more than 40% of the energy contained in the biomass feedstock can be used as transportation fuel. A credit of 5.6% is given for the acetic acid co- product, which would otherwise have to be manufactured at that energy expense. The remaining feedstock energy is contained in the other co-products, such as the lignin. While lignin is not used as an energy feedstock, but sold for other purposes, its use displaces other chemicals for which processing energy can be credited. If lignin is used in OSB production, it replaces phenol-formaldehyde resin as the binder in this application. Phenol-formaldehyde production requires an energy input of 16,486 BTU/lb, or 38.5 MJ/kg [Kline 2002], which is thus displaced. Lignin accounts for the bulk of energy (and emissions) displacements from co- products. The remaining products’ energy impacts were not quantified here, but mean that the Page 55PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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