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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Conversion efficiencies are compared in Figure 4.3.7. The steam CHP option shows significantly less power production efficiency, largely due to the operating conditions being biased to supply co-generated heat. A condensing, small-scale steam system would produce almost the same electrical conversion efficiency as ORC or Entropic systems but would sacrifice the production of heat at useful temperature. The steam CHP option produces heat as low- pressure steam. This form of heat is less suited for district heat as it is limited in its transportability. However, certain industrial processes and users located close to the source could benefit preferentially. The air turbine CHP option produces both poor electrical conversion efficiency and a poor form of heat. Hot air is generally less attractive as a heat source and is difficult to transport. The air turbine has yet to develop a niche application that shows advantages over the other options. 4.3.5 CHP Costs The traditional expectation of capital costs is based on the experience of large-scale steam systems. Technology for large-scale steam is relatively well-defined and shows significant economies of scale. However, this conventional wisdom is not fully applicable for several reasons. Technology selection can have a greater effect on unit capital cost than scale of operation. Alternate technologies have optimum sizes that may differ markedly from conventional steam systems. Moreover, the economic justification is different for small users than for large enterprises. Similarly, the investment community is greatly expanded for small- scale systems since many more individuals, groups and financial institutions can operate at the lower absolute investment levels required. Such small-scale (non-steam) systems are generally designed for automated functioning to remove the need for registered operators and allow unattended operation. A single manager can maintain operations without a continuous hands-on need. This reduces direct operating costs and makes remote installations viable. There is a range of capital costs associated with the various small-scale CHP technologies. Within each technology there are also economies of scale. A summary of the size and costing ranges are shown in Figure 4.3.8 below. No costing was available for Air Turbine systems. Size Range (kWe) 50 100 500 1,000 5,0 00 10,000 Small-scale Steam SIZE COST Organic Rankine Cycle SIZE COST Entropic Cycle COST SIZE Air Turbine SIZE Cost Range ($/kWe) $1,000 $3,000 $5 ,000 $7,000 $9,000 Figure 4.3.8 Cost and Size Ranges As can be noted, there is a wide range of technologies and costs within the options for small- scale CHP systems. The ranges noted in Figure 4.3.8 may be extended in some circumstances and future systems are expected to extend them. The actual selection of a particular technology will depend on the situation. Where district heat is needed, the ORC or Entropic systems would be favoured. Where low-pressure steam has a specific application, the small- scale steam option would be favoured. Three variations of Entropic CHP systems are shown in Page 44PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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