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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. remains that it is another step in the process and the selling of briquettes should in itself be economically feasible to allow the development of this technology to be implemented in BC to help resolve the bugwoodissue. By using the CL to produce power at the prehydrolysis plant, this approach decouples the CL from the market price for this commodity and the requirement for finding a consistent price for this new material. The furfural is still shipped internationally, as the shipping cost is a much lower portion of the overall production cost. Table 4.2.8 Comparison of Fuel Heating Value, Density and Costs Density (kg/m3) HHV CL Energy (%) Cost (Cdn $/GJ) Notes (GJ/m3) (MJ/kg) Electricyty Fuel oil (l) Betuminous coal (s) Natrural gas (g) $16.67 $11.06 $2.00 $11.85 6 c/kWhr $67.42 Cdn $/barrel 980 850 0.648 43.0 27.7 0.035 43.9 32.6 53.5 56.7% 88.0% $11.24 $/MMBTU CL (CL/NG price ratio 0.60) CL (CL/NG price ratio 0.80) CL (CL/NG price ratio 1.00) 1250 24.4 19.5 100.0% $7.11 $9.48 $11.85 If we assume that turbine issues can be adequately addressed using already commercially available super-coated alloys for the turbine blades when burning CL directly, then we can compare the approach to using biomass to power a steam-based system. The energy efficiency of the gas turbine is higher that the Rankine approach. Furthermore, the gas turbine is well suited for a combined cycle approach for large power plants greater than 20 MWe. Although it is difficult to determine the best cost effective capital costs for a given plant size, the following parameters need to be considered and weighed: • With the efficiency factored in, the capital cost is 50% less between a gas turbine system compared to a Rankine system; and • The added cost to process the biomass into CL adds $50/tonnes but removes the transportation cost to a large scale facility and provides a much cleaner and better fuel to burn. At present, CL can be used to make power in three ways: • Direct Burning in an external combustor of a gas turbine as implemented by Bioten Corporation, Knoxville, Tennessee USA. • Direct Conversion to Syngas by reaction of CL powder with O2 or enriched air in a cylindrical chamber without any catalyser at 420oC. • For smaller power the CL–Syngas can be directly used in a GE - Jeanbacher gas engine with 30.5% electrical efficiency. This engine has a very low capital cost for electrical energy generation ($960 per kWe). Such a system is part of the prehydrolysis plant design. 4.2.5 GHG Emissions The GHG emissions are directly related to the energy balance of the briquetting process using prehydrolysis. For the analysis, all the process heat is provided by either wood chips or CL. Since the proposed implementation of this process is for making CL to displace natural gas, electricity from BC is used to operate the process as no internal power production has been assumed. The emissions for harvesting and manufacturing the CL, transportation, and the net CO2 displaced from replacing natural gas as a fuel were calculated for the three locations Page 36PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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