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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. and as cement between the wood fibres. The ratio of the three components varies depending on the type of biomass. Typical ratios for softwoods are: cellulose, 42%, hemicellulose, 25%, and lignin, 28%. Cellulose is a polymer of D-glucose, hemicellulose is a polymer of sugars, and lignin is a complex random polyphenolic polymer. Biomass also contains bound water located within the wood structure, which is difficult to remove, and free water in between the fibres. The lignin can be dissolved by various chemical processes when making wood pulps, exposing the cellulose and hemicelluloses in fibrous form. Lignocellulose represents an available substrate for the preparation of sugars which may be fermented, for example, to produce ethanol. The main goal of hydrolysis is to be able to use all of the tree components by isolating and breaking down wood components into useable fragments to create more valuable bioproducts. Wood can be hydrolyzed to simple sugars by chemical reactions with water using a strong or weak acid solution to produce glucose, which can be further converted to ethanol. Hydrolysis of biomass has been practiced on a commercial scale since World War I. Commercial applications include dilute acid hydrolysis which occurs in two stages to maximize sugar yields from the hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of biomass. The hydrolysis process also results in a dilute liquor containing sugars, organic acids and furfural (C5H4O2), a valuable chemical used in the manufacturing of plastics, oil refining and in agriculture. Dilute acid hydrolysis is the oldest technology for converting biomass to ethanol. It has been found that many of these processes producing low yields, are environmentally damaging and hazardous to operators, and efforts to obtain value-added products have often been uneconomical. Prehydrolysis of biomass uses a dilute acid to make cellulignin, somewhat similar to hydrolysis. 4.2.3 Prehydrolysis of Bugwood to Create Cellulignin (CL) Briquettes and Furfural The long-term strategy for biomass use in Canada is to develop processes that create bioproducts which are cost competitive with current petrochemical methods, and to produce biofuels that are cost-competitive with fossil fuels. This approach is often referred to as the biorefinery approach. Converting biomass to electrical power without using the waste heat with a large-scale steam boiler produces revenues inferior to $90 per BDT in most Canadian regions. Attempts need to be made to use biomass more productively. The recent Canadian R&D Biostrategy [Archambault 2004] promotes developing various bioproducts, biofuels and bioenergy. This can be achieved, for example, by producing cellulignin (CL) cost-competitively so that it can be sold in the pacific basin as square briquettes to displace natural gas as a heat source. Producing CL is an attempt to convert biomass into a material that approaches the combustion characteristics of natural gas to allow for the use of lower-cost gas turbine technology, compared to steam-based system, by directly burning the CL with the pressurized air upstream of the turbine. It is also an attempt to eventually favor the production of high-end usage for biomass, as cellulignin has properties and advantages that can lead to bioproducts that increase revenues from biomass. Similar to hydrolysis of biomass, prehydrolysis is a method to use a dilute acid to break down biomass into components. Using prehydrolysis, as proposed by the Biomass Energy Materials Program developed in Brazil [Pinatti 2003, Pinatti 2005, Pinatti USPTO], biomass is mixed with a dilute acid to explode the cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose to obtain CL that can be ground to a very fine, micron-scale powder at the point of use, as shown in Figure 4.2.1b. The prehydrolysis is performed in a reactor vessel at 160oC and 0.62 MPa, using a 1.7% H2SO4 acid solution at a liquid to wood chip ratio of 2 to minimize process costs. The CL produced (Figure 4.2.1c) is then washed, dried and converted into square high density briquettes. At the point of use the CL briquettes are ground into a fine powder. Page 23PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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