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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 4.2 Prehydrolysis of Bugwood to Make Cellulignin 4.2.1 Cellulignin Briquettes Biomass can be transported in the form of briquettes. To make conventional briquettes, wood is de-barked and ground up into small fines and compressed at high pressure into 50 mm diameter or larger briquettes. No binding agent is used as the heat resulting from the compression can be sufficient in most cases to let the lignin bind the material together. The advantage of this method is that it produces a material which is easy to handle and package, and which can be transported economically. For briquetting, the moisture content of the biomass must be below 10% to 15%, otherwise drying is required. Briquettes have a high specific density of up to 1,200 kg/m3 and a bulk density of 800 kg/m3. In comparison, bugwood has a bone dry density of 380 kg/m3, a density of 460 kg/m3 at 20% moisture content, and when chipped the interspatial air decreases the bulk density to less than 230 kg/m3. Biomass briquettes have the following advantages: • Higher boiler efficiency compared to bulk biomass because of lower moisture content and possibly better conversion rates; • Reduced loading, unloading, transportation and storage costs; • Can be economical in some applications depending on feedstock, transportation and manufacturing costs, and are a renewable fuel; • Less sulfur compared to oil and coal, thereby reducing environmental impact; • Higher thermal value compared to bulk biomass and much lower ash content compared to bulk biomass and coal; • Consistent quality, • Reduced fly ash; and • Load following for steam boilers is easier compared to coal, due to higher quantity of volatile matter. Conventional wood briquettes have some shortcomings: • They cannot withstand direct contact with water; • A covered storage facility is required; • They require debarking, sizing and potential drying of the biomass, processes that require energy; • Precludes the use of branches left over in the forest after logging; • The maximum attainable temperature is 1000°C due to the low carbon content limiting their applications , for example, in lime kiln; • Burning capacity per unit volume of furnace is low compared to coal; and, • Availability in remote regions is not assured year round unless enough storage is made available. Prehydrolysis of bugwood discussed below produces cellulignin (CL) which can be used to make briquettes. CL briquettes avoid some of the disadvantages of conventional wood briquettes. They burn very cleanly, have less ash and inorganic materials, and can be used to replace natural gas in industrial applications. Shipped as high-density briquettes, cellulignin briquettes can easily be used to generate power and heat at the point of use, where they can replace natural gas as a fuel. In addition, bark and branches can be utilized, which allows for a large variety of biomass feedstocks. 4.2.2 Hydrolysis Background Bugwood biomass is a lignocellulosic structure consisting of cellulose fibres wrapped in lignin and sheaths of hemicellulose, as shown in Figure 4.2.1a. The lignin acts as a stiffening agent Page 22PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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