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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Since chip or pellet trucks have difficulty accessing logging sites, the use of a mobile pelletizing plant (see Figure 4.1.3) that moves with the harvesting operation is not envisaged. Instead, logs will be loaded onto logging trucks and transported to a stationary pellet plant with access to the electricity grid. Figure 4.1.3 Pellet Plant (adapted from BfE 2001) Pellet mills use a roller to press the wood through a die. Under high pressure, the wood temperature reaches 100°C, which makes the lignin in the wood turn liquid, acting like a glue that provides for cohesion of the pellets. In some cases, additives need to be used to improve pellet quality – it is not expected that this is necessary when low-quality bugwood is used as a feedstock. Silos would be used to store pellets (one day’s production) before they are filled into a pellet truck or into train cars. Pellets would be transported in bulk, but could be bagged for retail close to the retail location. Currently, pellets are exported from BC to Europe, where some governments provide subsidies for biomass power plants. Instead, they could also be used in power plants in Canada, or sold to households for use in pellet stoves. 4.1.2 Energy Balance According to Forintek, more than 90% of softwood harvested is debarked with ring debarkers in Canada, and between 7 and 15% of wood is lost during debarking of dry Black Spruce [FOR 2005]. Assuming that the average bark content of Lodgepole Pine is 10% [BRIGGS 1994, Ch. 7], this is the share used here to make assumptions about the availability of hog fuel from debarking. With an energy content of 23.42 GJ/bdt (HHV) for bark, about 2.34 GJ of energy are available as bark for each dry tonne of wood processed. This is more than enough for what is required for drying: assuming an energy requirement of 2,200 Btu per lb of water, drying from 20% to 10% water content would require 484,000 Btu or 0.51 GJ per bdt of wood. A large-scale harvesting operation in BC will produce 8,000-10,000 m3 of roundwood per day, with individual contractors accounting for about 1,200 m3, which may come from several harvesting sites. This means that throughputs must be able to cope with a quantity of at least Page 17PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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