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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. For biomass energy applications, the maximum truck transport distance is generally considered to be around 70 km [Concawe 2002, p.13]. Adding in any feedstock harvesting costs may mean that it is impossible to economically use bugwood as a biomass energy feedstock. It is one of the objects of this study to examine the relationship between license, harvesting and transport costs, treatment costs and investment, and processing costs in order to determine if any combination of parameters allows for the cost-effective salvage and decentralized use of bugwood. 2.4 Moisture Content and Other Parameters Another important parameter influencing the ability to process bugwood is its moisture content. Freshly harvested green wood usually has a moisture content of between 45% and 55% (wet basis). Bugwood (i.e., dead trees), are likely to have lower moisture contents as the tree will dry out to a degree once it dies. The average moisture content of bugwood assumed in BIOCAP 2005 was 13% (dry basis). This was considered too low by some reviewers (see Appendix E of BIOCAP 2005) and a correction to up to 30% (year-round average) was suggested. (30% moisture dry basis equates to 23% moisture wet basis.) Based on experience in BC and other regions in the Pacific Northwest, it was determined that the water content of bugwood can drop to under 17% (wet-based) after just one year. However, in PAPRICAN’s experience, water content of wood from trees that have been dead for between five and ten years varies between 20 and 25% (wet-based) [BICHO 2005]. Canfor (Vanderhoof) found that four-year old bugwood will have a water content of 19% (wet-based), and possibly less after a longer time period [Canfor 2005]. We have used 20% (wet-based) as the value for water content for bugwood in this study, which seems a good average number based on current knowledge. Such a water content is low in comparison to green wood (45-55%), but may still require pre-drying for some of the biomass processes discussed in this report. Table 2.4.1 compares several input parameters used here with those used in previous work in order to identify the source of possible discrepancies in the results obtained. Many of the values for this study were obtained from experts in the field, such as COFI, or logging companies. The higher heating value of Lodgepole Pine Wood was determined assuming that 10% of the wood is bark [BRIGGS 1994, Ch. 7], and with differing higher heating values for bark and inner wood [ibid. Ch. 9]. It is possible that age will reduce the heating value of bugwood due to the loss of volatiles. This factor should be quantified and taken into account before the first processing plant is built. As dead trees are standing, other changes than just reduced water content may occur that affect wood texture and chemical makeup. For example, the amount of volatiles in wood may be reduced, affecting technologies like gasification and pyrolysis that try to extract volatiles from wood. As research projects are still on-going, these effects could not be quantified for this study, but should be considered when a demonstration project is planned. Table 2.4.2 summarizes the chemical parameters of wood with 20% moisture content. The energy conversion based on dry weight or volume used for this study is: 1 m3 = 0.38 bdt = 7.71 GJ (HHV) Page 11PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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