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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Chip quality dead pine: Dead pine residue (NRL): 50 million m3 90 million m3 Table 2.2.1 provides an idea of the distribution of pine and non-pine stands in BC. About one- third is predominantly pine (90% and more), and another third is predominantly non-pine, with the remainder being fairly equally mixed. Some of the most affected areas, such as Quesnel, have a very high percentage of areas where pine is predominant, but others are more mixed. Taking these facts into account suggests that any bugwood salvage strategy will have to consider the transportation of both the bugwood or pre-treatment products (e.g., bio-liquid), and more valuable wood from living trees that are harvested along with the bugwood. This may, in some cases, require a dual transportation system. Table 2.2.1 Percentage of Pine Stands in BC [BCFS 2005] Percent Pine Entire Susceptible Area Arrow TSA Quesnel TSA Low (<40%) Moderate (40 - 89%) High (90 - 100%) 33% 69% 14% 32% 25% 27% 36% 6% 58% The Ministry of Forests expects that 80% of susceptible pine will have been killed in BC by 2014. With a (sawlog) shelf life of 3-4 years, none of this wood will be available for sawmills after 2017/18. This again means that harvesting after that date would concentrate on valuable other species (live trees), with low-value bugwood as a “by-catch”. Note also, that under the current Annual Allowable Cut (AAC), only 90 million of the 580 million m3 of “non-recovered loss” (NRL) bugwood is expected to be co-harvested with sawlogs, chip wood and other tree species (based on government projections, see Figure 2.1.3). The use of bugwood may therefore remain an add-on to higher-end wood uses, apart from some areas with a combination of very high pine concentrations and high mortalities. This means that, unless ways can be found to increase the AAC, possibly while minimizing the harvest of non-pine species through selective bugwood harvesting, most of the “non-recovered loss” will, after some years, indeed be lost even to energy-based uses. According to Canfor, a large-scale logging operation will harvest about 8,000 m3 of wood per day [Canfor 2005], with a maximum skidding radius of 300 m [COFI 2005b]. Logging will continue for most of the year in day shifts. The maximum amount of low-quality bugwood harvested in any given day will be less, depending on the local pine cover and the percentage of pine affected by the pine beetle infestation. Logging mainly takes place during the winter months, from June through March, whereas between March and the end of May, little or no logging occurs. In some areas in BC, logging may also be reduced or stalled during the summer months (June to September), depending on local and weather conditions. This means any energy use, based on bugwood that continues throughout the year will require fuel storage, or the use of alternative fuels, for at least two to three months per year. On-site wood processing during the night (in three shifts) could increase accident risks, and may interfere with life at a wood harvesting camp in cases where three-shift harvesting does not take place (e.g., Canfor operations). Many harvesting operations also do not continue during weekends. It is therefore possible, in some cases, that equipment used to pre-process wood on-site can only be used for about 180 day-shifts per year and would have to be run at very low utilization factors.2 On the 2 180 days x 8 hours = 2,000 hours, (i.e., a 16% capacity factor). Higher utilization factors are often encountered in BC. According to FERIC [FERIC 2006], annual equipment use for harvesting operations is between 2,800 and 3,200 hours per year in BC, which corresponds to a capacity factor of 34%. Page 7PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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