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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. most promising, and should therefore be favoured in a policy and R&D strategy to deal with the bugwood problem in BC. Electricity grid emissions: A marginal emissions factor, as determined by ICF Consulting for each Canadian province, was used to calculate life-cycle CO2 emissions from the processing plants discussed below. This factor (0.24 t/MWh) is an annual average of the marginal power production emissions in BC and reflects both hydropower and natural gas emissions. Carbon credits: It was assumed that carbon credits could be gained from any of the technologies discussed. The future market value of these credits is unknown, but a value of $15 per tonne of CO2 was used in the return on investment calculations if the end product was used in Canada. Only net life-cycle emission reductions were accounted for in the calculations. Additional carbon credits could be created for accelerated regrowth of trees after the bugwood is harvested, but this was not accounted for in this study. Stumpage fees: This study assumes low stumpage fees, as the cost of harvesting wood is very high for any energy application. As energy is seen as a low-value use of bugwood, a high stumpage fee does not seem warranted. However, harvesting costs do include all ancillary costs, like road and camp construction, overhead, etc. Electricity: BC Hydro’s tariff for large industrial users, such as sawmills, is 2.73 ¢/kWh (January 2006). To account for the service charge, this was increased to 3.4 ¢/kWh for the calculations in this study. For power sales, a value of 6 ¢/kWh was assumed. This reflects past BC Hydro contracts with renewable energy providers, but more recent bidding rules may lead to slightly higher pricing. The avoided cost based on new natural gas combined cycle plants is likely to be higher than 6 ¢/kWh. Natural gas: Terasen’s industrial tariff for natural gas for 2006 is $10.10 per GJ, for the BC Interior, including delivery and administrative charges. This rate was used in this study to account for the price of natural gas. Return on investment: The return on investment (ROI) was calculated using the Excel IRR function (Internal Rate of Return). The IRR only reflects overall plant economics. In reality, capital for a new plant is likely to come from different sources (i.e., equity, bank loans, etc.). A practical investment strategy of equity share investment with the balance being loan financed will produce a more attractive internal rate of return (IRR) than an overall ROI of 10% indicates. Capital was assumed to be available and was amortized over 10 years at a 10% annual interest rate. Currency conversions: One Canadian dollar was deemed equivalent to US$1.20 and €1.40. Page 2PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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