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Enhanced Geothermal Systems Resource The Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), category represents geologic formations with limited quantities of water but with high temperatures that can be produced if a fluid is injected into the rock to act as a carrier for the heat. In the previous Texas Assessment (1994) Hot Dry Rock was discussed. This is now considered one aspect of EGS development. This resource is huge in comparison to other categories in Texas because it can utilize deeper resources and could be produced anywhere. The minimum EGS resource temperature usually starts at about 300°F (150°C) to be economically viable (Exhibit 7-4, Table 8.3).39 The geothermal resource suitable for sustaining EGS technology is inferred from subsurface temperatures and rock types. Because of heat conducting from the Earth’s interior, subsurface temperatures increase with depth. Depending upon the conductivity of rock types, the composition of the Earth’s crust (conductivity and radioactivity), and the mantle heat flow, the temperatures at depth will vary (Exhibit 7-4). The basement rock of East Texas is considered the area with the highest heat flow in Texas (Blackwell and Richards, 2004).12 Here the potential for EGS is the greatest, especially if combined with coproduction of oil and gas. The calculated temperatures of the basement rock in East Texas are 400°F (200°C) at 20,000 ft (6 km) (Negraru et al., 2008).49 Oil and gas well drilling temperature records were used to calibrate the the available heat models for the most accessible EGS resources—300°F (150°C) to 480°F (250°C) between 10,000 and 20,000 ft (3 to 6 km) in Texas. Even at just these depths the Texas EGS resource is immense reaching 90,000 EJ. The resource is listed as thermal energy because the conversion factor to electric energy varies with technology. To give perspective though of how much energy is available, using an average binary turbine conversion rate of 10% from thermal energy to electrical, and a very conservative availability rate of 0.2% there is still over 100 times more power capacity than the total Texas yearly electrical consumption.1, 39, 49 Even modest utilization of this EGS resource could supply a large portion of the State’s energy and most likely do so on a permanent basis. Exhibit 7-5 Geothermal Resource Base for Texas. The amount of heat is based entirely on temperature. Each depth shows the amount of thermal energy available for extraction from different temperature levels. Based on Table 3 of Negraru, Blackwell, and Erkan, 2008.49 Feet KM 10,000 13,000 16,000 20,000 23,000 26,000 30,000 33,000 Energy (EJ) Total Thermal Energy (EJ) 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 24,246 40,939 47,596 50,194 34,753 22,029 219,757 Geothermal Resource Base for Texas Exajoules, EJ (10^18J) °F 212 °C 100 300 150 14 1,147 37,521 48,788 61,997 68,170 83,462 76,176 376,975 390 200 36 2,509 34,701 61,945 68,030 68,656 235,877 480 575 250 300 38 2,086 26,402 278 57,743 1,929 86,269 2,207 921,085 Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Geothermal Energy 7-9PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Texas
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