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for community water supplies.17, 18 Use of this water can be as general as preheating of hot water for commercial buildings, or as focused as use in high-end spas. The concern about widespread development is the ability of the aquifers to sustain long term high flow rates. Since community water systems use these aquifers for drinking water, a constant supply is necessary. One way to reduce stress due to over development of the aquifers is to allow the thermal energy to be extracted initially then cascade the cooler water into a community water supply. This procedure would eliminate the existing need for cooling towers. Generating electricity from Texas’ geothermal energy has increased the value of the resource because of the widespread potential for development and its minimal environmental impact. Geothermal power plants have additional considerations compared to the other geothermal resource categories because of size and resource demands. Below is a list of concerns that can be expected to be raised during project development, along with appropriate solutions. The most common concern about geothermal power development relates to water: availability, quality, and disposal. Geothermal energy production requires large volumes of water (thousands of barrels per day) at temperatures in the range of 200°F (93°C) and above. Billions of barrels of water are currently being produced across Texas from oil and gas wells. This water is typically high in minerals and salt, and thus would contaminate surface waters and soil if disposed of at the surface, because of this the water is injected back into the subsurface. Similarly developed geothermal fields are a closed loop, where water is produced from one well, its heat extracted using a binary electrical unit, and then injected back into the ground. In this case the purpose is three fold: 1) reducing the potential for surface impacts, 2) extracting more heat from the system, and 3) preventing drawdown of fluids in the system. Thus reinjection prevents overproduction of the reservoir and extends the life of the power plant. The surface environmental impact on an area with a geothermal power plant is limited to the plant, wells, and pipelines with the common concern being noise levels around the wellhead. Most of the areas favorable for geothermal electricity production have an existing infrastructure already built by the oil and gas industry; therefore, only limited additional impact is expected on-site. Geothermal binary fluid turbines produce little to no air contaminants because of the closed loop working fluid design. In flash steam plants (not likely to be used in Texas) trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide may be emitted but only at levels less than present air emission standards.16 Projects incorporating co-production or geopressure wells could produce small amounts of hydrocarbon condensates, which require appropriate handling when these resources are extracted from the fluid as regulated by the Texas Railroad Commission. The extracted hydrocarbons can be collected and sold or used as part of a preheating system. Binary geothermal power plants can be air or water cooled. In areas with limited access to surface water, such as lakes or rivers, a forced air cooling tower is the recommended method for the cooling cycle of the binary system. Forced air cooled plants use no fresh water.16 Geothermal resources have a competitive edge compared to some other renewable energy resources. Unlike electricity from wind and solar, geothermal is considered baseload capacity and is competitive with other baseload technologies such as coal and natural gas plants. Geothermal power projects can be located in major population centers or in rural communities and scaled to meet existing needs. For the oil and gas industry, it enhances the economics and increases the longevity of their oil and gas fields by decreasing the cost of water production. Texas Geothermal Resources The Texas geothermal resource is as extensive as the state is big. The entire state has geothermal resources that can be used by individuals, businesses, schools, and the government. The accessibility of the geothermal resource varies by geographic region and in some instances by county. One aspect of the geothermal resource that is fairly consistent throughout Texas is the Geothermal HVAC system resources. Although the ground level geologic setting will not be covered in this section, these systems are an important part of the geothermal economic package because they can reduce overall energy consumption in Texas by thousands of MW. The following section will detail the resources for Direct Use applications and electrical production from geothermal resources. Texas Geothermal Resource Details For a geothermal resource to be commercially viable, heat must be removed from the ground at a rate and a cost that returns a reasonable profit. The economics associated with accomplishing this depend on: 1) the quality of the resource, principally its temperature, depth, and fluid characteristics; and 2) the ease and rate with which geofluids can be extracted and then reinjected. These factors are a function of geology, i.e., rock type and layer thickness, porosity and permeability, and thermal history. First the resources related to Direct Use applications are discussed, then the deeper resources for geothermal electrical production. Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment Geothermal Energy 7-5PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Texas
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