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The following are types of Direct Use applications to focus on in Texas for development. Community District Systems During the 19th century, hot water began to be used for local space heating applications in the United States. However, it wasn’t until the 20th century that more widespread use of geothermal heat became popular. District geothermal systems distribute hydrothermal water from one or more geothermal wells through a series of pipes to several houses and buildings, or to blocks of buildings. District heating can save consumers 30 to 50 percent of the cost of heating compared with natural gas.7 The geothermal production well and distribution piping replace the fossil-fuel burning heat source of the traditional heating system. Spa Health Facilities and Therapy Pools Warm water from hot mineral springs or shallow geothermal wells have been used by humans for bathing, soaking and recreation throughout history. Today’s spa facilities and therapy pools use warm water with methods similar to those used in ancient times as the primary means of health care and restorative recreation. This past decade has seen a revival in the spa industry with 1 in 4 Americans having visited a spa and over 32 million active spa-goers worldwide. In 2006 there were 110 million spa visits generating $9.4 billion of revenue in the U.S. with an increase of 16 percent from 2005 to 2006.8 Spa facilities and pools range from multi- million dollar resorts with luxury spas to reasonably priced public bathhouses and natural pools. The economic impact to communities is largely due to the draw of visitors into the area, with related expenses for food, lodging, and recreation needs as well as employment and housing for staff of the facilities.9 Currently there are approximately 200,000 people employed in the U.S. Spa industry. In West Texas for example, at Chianti Hot Springs there are over 80,000 visitors annually.8 Agribusiness Industry Direct use of geothermal resources has been well received within the agribusiness industry, with the two primary uses being greenhouses and aquaculture (fish farming). Geothermal water (100°F/38°C and above) has been used in at least 40 greenhouses since the late 1970s, in the western states.10 Many of these facilities cover several acres, raising vegetables, flowers, houseplants, and tree seedlings. The DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy program reports that greenhouse operators using geothermal resources estimate energy savings of about 80 percent compared to fuel costs for traditional energy sources.7 Aquaculture ponds and ground heating to extend the growing season for specialty crops (85°F water and above) exist in 12 states. These Direct Use applications are usually in relatively rural settings due to the need for large amounts of land and can stimulate the economy for a rural area.. Geothermal Electric Generation Application. Electric power generation development using geothermal energy has been very active worldwide, with systems in the United States developed since the 1960s. Most of the focus and knowledge are on geological locations that are tectonically active, such as volcanoes, geyser fields, and hot springs in the western United States. These are areas where heat from within the Earth has reached sufficiently shallow depths to make the economics of heat recovery feasible for large scale power production. As of 2008, geothermal electricity is produced in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Hawaii, Alaska, New Mexico, and Wyoming, with projects currently under development in Oregon. With increased research on Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) by the U.S. Department of Energy and private companies, many other states, including Texas, are being considered for the development of geothermal energy production. Depending on the technology used and the location, geothermal electric power can be generated using temperatures as low as 165°F (74°C) in Alaska, to approximately 200°F (93°C) in the Texas Gulf Coast region. The variation in useable temperatures is primarily due to the temperature differential needed between the surface cooling cycle and the hot fluid temperatures in the binary fluid turbine. These binary systems use a secondary fluid in a closed loop for the working fluid, which flashes to steam and turns a turbine. This allows the geothermal fluid that is lower than the boiling point of water to be used for heat extraction before being injected back into the ground. Much of Texas has geothermal resources that are accessible for geothermal electrical production. The three primary resource areas are shown in Figure 8.2 as the conventional hydrothermal and Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) of West Texas, the geopressured formations along the Gulf Coast, and the EGS of East to South Texas. Development Issues for Texas: Special Considerations for Large-Scale Use Each of the different types of geothermal development has preferred implementation areas in Texas. Geothermal HVAC systems have the most widely distributed potential for installation, with all regions of Texas being included. The most expensive places for installation are those with basement rock at the surface, such as the Hill Country and parts of North Texas due to the increased cost related to drilling boreholes instead of installing a horizontal loop field. The most immediate Direct Use application of geothermal resources is limited to the Balcones— Ouachita, Luling—Mexia—Talco Fault structures which form the northern and western boundary of the Texas Coastal Plain. Here the heated water is less than 4,000 ft (1.2 km) below the surface and is in certain places already being produced 7-4 Geothermal Energy Texas Renewable Energy Resource AssessmentPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Texas
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