PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 029
22 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� ”Mining” the Earth’s Heat To date, only those hydrothermal systems with a suf- ficiently high temperature and permeable water-saturated rock have been developed. However, systems having both these characteristics are not widespread. Yet, rocks with temperatures high enough for direct-use applications, or possibly for generation of electricity, are present every- where at drillable depths, whether or not they are perme- able and water saturated. Accordingly, if current experi- mental techniques are perfected, the thermal energy could be “mined” from those vast areas of the Earth containing sufficiently hot rock but insufficient available water. Such regions potentially represent a huge inventory of geother- mal energy. The spectrum of potential geothermal resources ranges from those presently being exploited, through those marginal systems that can be enhanced with appropriate technologies, to those that are devoid of permeability. Hot dry rock Research has been conducted at several locations worldwide, and the technical feasibility of mining heat from high-temperature, water-poor rocks has been demon- strated; however, the costs of doing so are not economically competitive. For completely impermeable rocks, this technology has been dubbed hot-dry-rock (HDR) to emphasize the fact that these potential geothermal resources are either dry or too impermeable to transmit contained water at useful rates. Necessary permeability can be, and has been, created by adapting methods used in the petroleum industry to enhance the recovery of oil and gas. The initial HDR experiment was conducted by Los Alamos National Laboratory at Fenton Hill, on the west- ern margin of the Valles Caldera in New Mexico. A small hydrothermal reservoir was created by pumping water down a borehole at pressure high enough to fracture the surrounding rock. These new fractures then allowed water to flow through hot rock to a second, nearby, well, thus cre- ating a continuous loop of fluid flow, which was maintained for nearly 20 years. Much knowledge was gained from the experiment, but the project was terminated without dem- onstrating commercial viability. The primary problem was that high pumping pressure was required to maintain even a modest amount of water circulation. ������ ������� ������ ���� ��� ��� ���� Two wells are drilled into the rock, and a permeable zone (pattern near base of wells) is then created by hydraulic fracturing. Cold water (blue) is then pumped down one well, becomes heated as it flows through the permeable zone, and returns as hot water (red) through the second well. At the surface, thermal energy is extracted in a heat exchanger and trans- ferred to a working fluid, then the cooled water begins another circulation cycle. Similar projects are currently under way in Europe and Japan. These, however, are more properly called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) rather than HDR, because they involve rocks with significant initial permeability. Funda- mentally, the projects are attempting to enhance existing natural permeability enough to create economically com- petitive geothermal resources. ���� ��������� ����� ����� ������� ����� ��� ��� ���� � � � � � � � � � � � � �PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
PDF Search Title:
Geothermal Energy 1249 USGSOriginal File Name Searched:
c1249.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)