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Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat 21 Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal heat pumps can be used for heating and cooling buildings virtually anywhere. Though initial installa- tions costs exceed those for conventional heating and cooling systems, monthly energy bills are always lower. Thus, within a few years, cumulative energy savings equal the extra up-front cost of installation. Thereafter, heating and cooling costs are less than those associated with conventional systems. A heat pump is simply a machine that causes thermal energy to flow up temperature, that is, opposite the direction it would flow naturally without some intervention (see accom- panying sketches). Thus, a heat pump is commonly used for space heating and cooling, when outside ambient air tempera- ture is uncomfortably cold or hot, respectively. The cooling and heating functions require the input of “extra” work (usu- ally electrical energy) in order to force heat to flow upstream, and the greater the “lift,” or difference in temperature between the interior of a building and the outside, the more work is needed to accomplish the function. A geothermal heat pump increases the efficiency of the heating and cooling functions by substantially decreasing the thermal lift. Because rocks and soils are good insulators, they respond little to wide daily temperature fluctuations and instead maintain a nearly constant temperature that reflects the mean temperature averaged over many years. Thus, at latitudes and elevations where most people live, the temperature of rocks and soil only a few meters beneath the surface typically stays within the range of 5 to 10°C. For purposes of discussion, consider the functioning of a conventional air-source heat pump in a single-family resi- dence, a system that exchanges thermal energy between air indoors and outdoors. Whereas such a heat pump must remove heat from cold outside air in the winter and deliver heat to hot outside air in the summer, a geothermal heat pump exchanges heat with a medium that remains at about 8°C throughout the year. As a result, the geothermal-based unit is almost always pumping heat over a temperature lift much smaller than that for an air-source unit, leading to higher efficiency through less “extra” energy needed to accomplish the lift. Some consumer resistance to geothermal heat pumps exists because initial purchase-and-installation cost is greater than that for an air-source system. The additional cost comes mostly from the need to bury piping through which fluid (water or antifreeze) is circulated to exchange heat with the ground or by drilling a shallow well to use ground water as the heat source/sink. Additional cost varies with the capacity and subsurface design of a given system. Experience to date indi- cates that the extra expense can be amortized in as little as 3 or 4 years for some systems. Other systems carry a longer pay-off period, but eventually all geothermal heat pumps provide sav- ings that accrue as lower-than-normal utility bills. Heat pumps provide significant energy savings, more than 75 percent as compared to electric baseboard heating and between 30 and 60 percent relative to other methods of heating and cooling. Many utilities, particularly in the Eastern United States, have subsidized the installation of geothermal heat pumps, also known as geoexchange systems, to help reduce peak demand for electric power. The lower electrical usage associated with the widespread use of geothermal heat pumps has allowed utilities to avoid or postpone construction of new power plants in areas where suitable land and transmission facilities are very difficult to acquire. Worldwide, there are currently more than a half million geothermal heat pumps installed, for a total thermal output of over 7,000 megawatts. The United States accounts for most of these developments, with roughly 350,000 units whose combined output is about 5,000 megawatts. Configura- tions of heat exchange piping either underground or underwater for geothermal heat pumps. Heat-flow directions are reversed between summer and winter. Heat is collected from the building and transferred to the ground in summer. In winter heat is collected from underground and transferred to the building. �������� ���������� ������ ����PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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