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��� �������� ��� ��� �� ����� �������� �������� ������� ������ ��� ���������� ��� ��� ����� �������� ������ ������� ��������� ���������� ���� �� ���� ������� ��������� ����� ����� ���� Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat 5 �� Map showing Earth’s main lithospheric plates and some of the world’s active volcanoes (triangles). flow of extremely hot mantle material from very deep within the Earth. Hot spots can occur at plate boundaries (for example, beneath Iceland) or in plate interiors thou- sands of kilometers from the nearest boundary (for example, the Hawaiian hot spot in the middle of the Pacific Plate). Regions of stretched and fault-broken rocks (rift valleys) within plates, like those in East Africa and along the Rio Grande River in Colorado and New Mexico, also are favor- able target areas for high concentrations of the Earth’s heat at relatively shallow depths. Zones of high heat flow near plate boundaries are also where most volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. The magma that feeds volcanoes originates in the mantle, and considerable heat accompanies the rising magma as it intrudes into volcanoes. Much of this intruding magma remains in the crust, beneath volcanoes, and constitutes an intense, high-temperature geothermal heat source for periods of thousands to millions of years, depending on the depth, volume, and frequency of intrusion. In addition, frequent earthquakes—produced as the tectonic plates grind against each other—fracture rocks, thus allowing water to circulate at depth and to transport heat toward the Earth’s surface. Together, the rise of magma from depth and the circulation of hot water (hydrothermal convection) maintain the high heat flow that is prevalent along plate boundaries. Accordingly, the plate-boundary zones and hot spot regions are prime target areas for the discovery and develop- ment of high-temperature hydrothermal-convection systems capable of producing steam that can drive turbines to gener- ate electricity. Even though such zones constitute less than 10 percent of the Earth’s surface, their potential to affect the world energy mix and related political and socioeconomic consequences is substantial, mainly because these zones include many developing nations. An excellent example is the boundary zone rimming the Pacific Plate—called the “Ring of Fire” because of its abundance of active volca- noes—that contains many high-temperature hydrothermal- convection systems. For the developing countries within this zone, the occurrence of an indigenous energy source, such as geothermal, could substantially bolster their national econo- mies by reducing or eliminating the need to import hydro- carbon fuels for energy. The Philippines, Indonesia, and several countries in Central America already benefit greatly from geothermally generated electricity; additional projects are underway and planned. Of course, the use of geothermal energy already contributes to the economies of industrializedPDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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