Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS

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Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS ( geothermal-energy-1249-usgs )

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4 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat Geothermal Energy as a Natural Resource Geothermal energy is present everywhere beneath the Earth’s surface, although the highest temperature, and thus the most desirable, resources are concentrated in regions of active or geologically young volcanoes. Though the resource is thermal energy rather than a physical substance such as gold or coal, many aspects of geothermal energy are analogous to characteristics of mineral and fossil-fuel resources. Geother- mal energy also has some unique, desirable attributes. Global Distribution Measurements made in drill holes, mines, and other excavations demonstrate that temperature increases downward within the Earth. The rate at which the temperature increases (temperature gradient or geothermal gradient) is proportional to the rate at which heat is escaping to the surface through the Earth’s crust (heat flow). Thus, zones of higher-than-average heat flow are the most likely places for encountering high tem- peratures at shallow depth, perhaps shallow enough to favor exploitation of geothermal energy. The average rate at which heat escapes through the Earth’s crust accounts for a prodi- gious amount each year, but local heat flow can vary widely from region to region. Large quantities of heat that are economically extract- able tend to be concentrated in places where hot or even molten rock (magma) exists at relatively shallow depths in the Earth’s outermost layer (the crust). Such “hot” zones generally are near the boundaries of the dozen or so slabs of rigid rock (called plates) that form the Earth’s lithosphere, which is composed of the Earth’s crust and the uppermost, solid part of the underlying denser, hotter layer (the mantle). According to the now widely accepted theory of plate tec- tonics, these large, rigid lithospheric plates move relative to one another, at average rates of several centimeters per year, above hotter, mobile mantle material (the asthenosphere). High heat flow also is associated with the Earth’s “hot spots” (also called melting anomalies or thermal plumes), whose origins are somehow related to the narrowly focused upward �� Geothermal gradients and equivalent heat flow that illustrate differences in the amount of heat escaping from the Earth for broad regions and smaller areas of the United States (Sierra Nevada, Basin and Range physiographic province, Battle Mountain area of Nevada and nearby states, and east of the Rocky Mountains). The heat flow shown for the area east of the Rocky Mountains is equivalent to the average heat flow for continental crust worldwide. � � ��

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