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The Stirling cycle is considered to be similar to the Carnot cycle except that the isentropic processes in the Carnot cycle are replaced by constant volume processes in the Stirling cycle. The constant volume processes are when regeneration occurs in the cycle. In the first constant volume process some energy is stored from the working fluid in a regenerator. After heat is rejected into the cold sink that stored heat is returned to the working fluid at constant volume. While this is an idealized cycle, the actual sterling engine does not behave exactly like the cycle is designed. Regeneration is still part of the cycle to help improve efficiency of the engine. The Kalina cycle uses a mixture of two fluids usually ammonia and water to convert thermal energy into shaft work. The advantage is that more heat is extracted from the source by adjusting the boiling point of the mixture. The boiling point is adjusted by changing the pressure of the ammonia water mixture in the boiler. The Kalina cycle is usually found in industrial waste heat applications where the waste temperature can change frequently depending on plant output (Cengel et al., 2008). 3.2 Organic Rankine Cycles One area which is beginning to use a variation of the Rankine cycle is low temperature heat sources such as solar, biomass and industrial waste heat. This cycle is similar to a normal Rankine cycle except that the working fluid is usually something other than water. Fluids other than water are used are due to the temperatures and pressures that this low temperature cycle run on. As in the typical Rankine cycle, in the organic version, the main components are a boiler, turbine (or expander), condenser, and pump. The working fluid is heated in the boiler to a super-heated vapour, where it is expanded in 14PDF Image | Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of ORC
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