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Figure 1: Above, power tower pilot project, pioneered in the U.S. (Barstow, CA) and (left) commercial unit under development by Abengoa called PS10, an 11 MW plant in Sevilla Spain (photo credit: Abengoa Solar). Bottom left, Stirling Dish/Engine, Center SEGS trough plants, Right, Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector. As with fossil and nuclear power plants, water cooling is generally more economical than air cooling for CSP plants because water cooling has a lower capital cost and higher thermal efficiency, and it maintains consistent efficiency levels year-round. In contrast, air cooling has reduced effectiveness when the air temperature is high. In the current commercial CSP plants, water is required to condense steam, provide make-up water for the steam cycle, and for mirror washing. The regions where CSP is most effective are those that have many hours of direct sunlight; these places often have relatively little water. Supplying water from more distant sources or purifying low quality water for CSP systems that use conventional water cooling can then increase costs. This report discusses various options by which CSP systems can operate efficiently with significantly less water consumption than they consume today. The majority of new fossil power plants use evaporative water cooling to reject the steam cycle heat. A typical coal plant or nuclear plant consumes 500 gallons of water per MWh (gal/MWh) of electricity generated.1, 3 This is similar to the water consumption by a power tower. A combined-cycle natural gas plant consumes about 200 gal/MWh.4 A water-cooled parabolic trough plant consumes about 800 gal/MWh. Of this, 2% is used for mirror washing.5 Dish/engine systems only require water for mirror washing (approximately 20 gal/MWh). Page 4 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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