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Executive Summary This report has been prepared in response to section 603(b) of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, (Pub. L. No. 110-140), which states that “...the Secretary of Energy shall transmit to Congress a report on the results of a study on methods to reduce the amount of water consumed by concentrating solar power systems.” Because of the huge solar resource available in the Southwest United States, utilities are showing increasing interest in the deployment of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to meet the requirements of state renewable portfolio standards. The Federal government is also encouraging the development of CSP plants through a 30% investment tax credit. This report discusses potential methods to reduce water consumption associated with CSP. Four main concentrating solar power technologies are described in this report: parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel, power towers, and dish/engine. Parabolic troughs are the most commercially available technology. Linear Fresnel and power tower technologies are presently being planned as commercial plants, but none have yet been built in the U.S. The first three of these technologies use the heat collected from the sun to power conventional Rankine steam cycles, similar to those used for coal and nuclear plants. Steam cycle power plants require cooling to function (cooling is needed to condense the steam and complete the cycle). This cooling can be provided via water cooling, air cooling or a combination. Dish/engine systems use sunlight to power a small engine at the focal point. Stirling cycle engines using hydrogen as the working fluid are typically employed in dish/engine systems. These are air-cooled and only require water for mirror washing. Water cooling for thermoelectric power plants is accomplished using two methods: once- through cooling and recirculating evaporative cooling. Once-through cooling withdraws large volumes (23,000 to 27,000 gal/MWh) from a body of water and returns it to that source at an elevated temperature, which causes additional evaporative loss from that body of water. Recirculating evaporative cooling withdraws a lesser amount (500 to 650 gal/MWh for an equivalent plant) but consumes most of the water directly through evaporation.1 It should be noted that once-through cooling may be restricted in use for new thermoelectric power plants based on concerns with the potential aquatic environmental impact of such systems.2 Air cooling rejects the heat of the steam cycle directly to the air. A fossil power plant using this technology withdraws water only for the steam cycle blowdown and domestic water uses, which amount to less than 10% of the consumption of an evaporative cooled plant.3 Page 3 of 24PDF Image | Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application
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