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the way Americans consume current resources and introduce new solutions for electrical, transportation, heating/cooling, and other energy applications. Second, federal policy should help reduce the demand for and harmful effects of hydrocarbon resources throughout the transition period. With this long-term strategy in mind, Congress should pursue both new and existing policies that will succeed in balancing the objectives of improving energy independence and security, sustaining economic growth, and reducing environmental impact. Policies presented in the following six sections are designed to do just this. Hydrocarbon Transition Policies As part of the National Energy Plan, hydrocarbon transition policies are designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions associated with U.S. energy use. Experts have cited the importance of demand side management in reducing carbon emissions, especially in light of the continuing important role hydrocarbon-based resources are likely to play throughout the energy technology transition both domestically and abroad. Selected interviewees also commented that coal, natural gas, and nuclear energy should have a continuing role in base-load power generation, as they are both cost-effective and domestic. In this context, the National Energy Plan should encourage the responsible and efficient use of hydrocarbon resources to mitigate the consequences of their use during the energy technology transition. First, the United States should establish a national carbon reduction goal and a transparent carbon tax. To increase the use of less carbon- intensive hydrocarbons, continued investment should be made in research to develop cleaner methods of hydrocarbon energy generation. The continued use of hydrocarbons will also require innovative strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through natural processes or carbon capture and sequestration. 1. Establish a national carbon emissions reduction goal of 80 percent by 2050. Acknowledgement of climate change as a policy issue in the United States is a relatively recent phenomenon. The United Nations, however, has determined that it is “very likely” that global warming is due to increased concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is considered the most important GHG because it represents the largest share of GHGs emitted and its current atmospheric concentration greatly exceeds its natural range over the last 650,000 years.1 To set the course for a sustainable energy future, Congress should adopt the goal of an 80 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 levels by 2050. An 80 percent reduction from 1990 emission levels (5,021 million metric tons) would decrease annual carbon dioxide emissions to 1,004 million metric tons by 2050. The Obama administration has stated it plans to work toward this recommended goal, and Congress should join by expressing a similar carbon reduction goal.2 Although it is an ambitious target, it is reasonable and achievable. A national carbon reduction goal also provides the 166PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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