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excess heat or electricity can be used heat or chill water, a sensible heat material, which is stored in large water tanks during off-peak hours for later use as hot water or air heating and cooling during peak energy periods. Thermal energy storage that involves thermo-chemical reactions captures energy in chemical bonds formed by applying heat to a material. Phase change materials such as paraffin and hydrated salts capture thermal energy in the form of a phase change as that material heats. As it cools, stored energy is released to power steam turbines.83 • Hydrogen fuel cell storage: A hydrogen storage system applies hydrogen fuel cell technology, described in the hydrogen section of this report on page 46, for electrical storage by bundling fuel cells together for central power storage (e.g. on the MW scale). Fuel cells can capture and store electricity when the utility applies excess electricity to the process of ionizing hydrogen in the fuel cell. When ready for use, oxygen is combined with the ionized hydrogen to recreate electricity and the byproduct water. Storage for Power Quality Power generation companies also ensure power quality by using energy storage techniques that provide short bursts of energy (from 100kW to 2MW discharged in less than 30 seconds) to the grid when needed through the use of high-speed flywheels (see description above), Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, super-capacitors, and batteries.84 • Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES): These systems “store energy in a magnetic field created by the flow of DC current in a coil of cryogenically cooled, superconducting material.”85 An estimated 100MW in global SMES capacity exists in the United States, Japan, Europe, and South Africa.86 • Super-capacitors: Modifications of the traditional capacitor, these power quality systems store energy as an electric charge between two plates that are either metal or another conductive material.87 Super-capacitors have achieved advances over ordinary capacitors in plate surface area that enable higher energy density and quick recharge.88 • Batteries: Lead acid and lithium-ion battery technologies are also used to guarantee power quality in electrical systems. Storage for Solar and Wind Applications The introduction of intermittent energy resources into the electrical power system has elevated the importance of energy storage systems that allow wind and solar plants to better redistribute energy supply to periods of limited wind force or sunlight. Research and development efforts in energy storage for solar and wind applications seek to improve the reliability of renewable power systems over longer periods of time. Phase 106PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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