Shaping Energy Technology Transition

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Shaping Energy Technology Transition ( shaping-energy-technology-transition )

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While REHC systems for space heating and cooling, and water heating, are available to consumers, there are geographic and cost limitations at present that prevent their wide use. Policies will undoubtedly vary by region depending on availability of natural resources. In areas where plentiful natural solar, biomass and geothermal resources exist, less government investment will be needed to bring REHC technology to maturity. Where these resources are scarce, however, more strict and costly policies may be required.71 In regions where REHC technologies are not yet at mass-market stage, policies should aim to increase their availability, thereby resulting in cost reductions. It is undoubtedly most beneficial to the environment and consumers to increase the prevalence of REHC while keeping the overall cost low. A comprehensive package that includes financial incentives, certification, labeling, minimum performance standards, public education, and training of trade workers will help REHC technologies claim a greater share of the market going forward.72 Policymakers face several challenges when attempting to develop sweeping measures to increase the use of REHC. Due to regional differences in renewable heating and cooling resources, small-scale policies aimed at the state or local level will be required. The volatility of oil and gas prices will make ensuring the affordability of REHC difficult. Imposing a gas tax or providing hefty incentives and rebates, along with increasing cap- and-trade policies, have the potential to ensure that REHC will be cost-competitive. A rigorous consumer-education campaign should also be a part of future policies to inform the public of their options when choosing between conventional and more efficient and carbon neutral heating and cooling technology. Energy Storage Energy storage encompasses a wide array of technologies that conserve and divert power generating capacity from one application to another. The importance of energy storage in an energy technology transition varies depending on the energy stakeholder group considered. Renewable energy industry advocates cite the lack of cost-effective energy storage as one of top the barriers to implementing more renewable power capacity in the United States.73 Similarly, finding new, affordable battery technologies and hydrogen fuel cells suitable for alterative vehicles is a challenge for automakers striving to meet the demand for cleaner-operating vehicles. Those working to improve energy efficiency feel energy storage can be better employed to achieve higher conversion efficiencies of traditional single and combined cycle power plants. Experts surveyed for this report represented many different energy disciplines and political positions; however, most agreed that energy storage was one of the best ways to address national energy concerns.74 103

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