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must be continuously planted.60 For more information on Biomass, see page 31 of this report. Solar Heating & Cooling Solar thermal energy can be used to provide space heating and cooling as well as water heating. Passive solar heating and cooling methods that require no equipment are gaining popularity as architects and consumers learn of the simple techniques that harness the sun’s energy to naturally regulate indoor temperatures. Active solar heating systems are either liquid-based or air-based. Liquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a hydronic collector, while air-based systems heat air in an air collector. In both systems solar radiation is collected, absorbed, and transferred directly into the interior space or into a storage area that further distributes the heat and is capable of providing hot water. The use of solar heating systems vastly reduces greenhouse gas emissions from heating processes that traditionally involve fossil fuels.61 Deployment of solar technology for REHC is limited, however, by constraints on roof installations, high up-front costs, and a lack of skilled technicians.62 The price of installing an active solar heating system varies with the size of the collector area. Most readily available systems can cost from $30 to $80 per square foot of collector area, and the larger systems typically result in lower costs per unit. Most systems come with warranties of ten years or more, although the equipment should last decades longer. The system’s potential is maximized when it also provides water heating, because it stays active instead of becoming idle during warm summer months.63 Solar heating systems are best used in conjunction with a supplemental heat system. It is most economical to have a solar system that provides 40 to 80 percent of a home’s heating needs, particularly if used in conjunction with passive solar heating methods such as large insulated windows on south-facing walls, concrete slab floors, or heat-absorbing walls. Relying on an active solar heating system to supply 100 percent of the necessary heat is not cost effective, and many building codes and mortgage lenders require a back- up heating system such as a wood stove or a conventional central heating system.64 Solar-assisted cooling, while still a thermally driven process, is more complicated than solar-assisted heating and needs considerably more research and development before its cost and performance will compete with conventional cooling technologies. Since peak demand for cooling typically occurs at times of peak solar radiation, there is great potential for solar cooling technology to be useful and effective. One alternative is using solar-generated electricity to power conventional cooling or refrigeration devices, though this technique continues to be quite costly.65 Passive solar cooling techniques such as window overhangs and reflective coatings for windows, walls, and roofs can further reduce household energy demands. For more information on solar energy see page 36 of this report. 101PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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