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their energy could cost as little as $0.055 per kWh.185 According to both Sauer and Coley, between $25 million and $50 million would be required to achieve commercial viability for OCGen (ORPC) and Florida Atlantic University’s technology, respectively. A new “green” industry that includes ocean current energy could create as many as 26,000 new jobs in Florida.186 The presence of underwater turbine arrays could, however, conflict with shipping routes and fisheries, thereby causing increased shipping and fishing pressures in other areas.187 Interference with recreational water use and fishing is also possible.188 Environmental Impact Energy harnessed from ocean currents is renewable and largely clean, with carbon emissions limited to the construction and maintenance of facilities. Potential environmental impacts include damage to the ocean floor during construction and harm to marine life from two sources: construction noise and the impact of turbine blades. The southern Atlantic is home to numerous endangered or depleted marine mammal species whose highly developed sensory systems are known to be vulnerable to powerful man- made ocean noise.189 Although the turbine blades move relatively slowly, larger fish and marine mammals could be harmed if struck by a moving blade. Protective fences around the structures or sonar-activated detection systems could help prevent injury to marine life.190 Potential Role and Implications The total power in ocean currents, worldwide, is estimated to be 5,000 GW, with a density of power around 15 kW/m2.191 Eight projects off the Florida coast intend to generate 168 to 336 GWh annually.192 Sauer estimates that less than 5 years will be required to develop OCGen technology to commercial viability,193 while Ms. Coley stated 5 to 15 years will likely be necessary for commercial viability.194 Since there are currently no commercially operating turbines providing power through a transmission grid, it is difficult to ascertain the future competitiveness of this technology. Until the United States develops a nationwide distribution grid, ocean current energy will only be useful to the handful of states, such as Virginia and South Carolina, which are adjacent to America’s most powerful currents, the Gulf Stream and Florida Straits Current. Ocean Thermal Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the ocean’s thermal gradients (temperature differentials) to create energy. When ocean waters of varying temperatures come into contact, energy is produced and electricity can be generated.195 Surface temperature varies in different parts of the world but a minimum temperature difference of approximately 20° C or 36° F between shallow water and deep water is required for OTEC to function. Temperate zones, areas located in warmer climates, specifically the region between the Tropics, have the highest potential for OTEC, because temperature gradients are largest in these zones.196 57PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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