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conversion system that extracted more tidal energy would significantly disrupt the marine environment.179 This limited extractability rate presents another barrier to future commercial development of the technology. Potential Role and Implications Due to its limited site potential, economic costs, and environmental impact, tidal energy conversion plays a small and limited role in the future U.S. energy economy. The technology has the potential to provide energy to areas of the world with high tidal velocities but is not feasible across the United States. Tidal energy conversion might play a role in a broad ocean renewable energy plan, but will not solve the energy crisis by itself. Ocean Current Ocean current energy can be harnessed to turn underwater turbine blades, producing electricity with the help of a generator. It is estimated that taking 1/1000th of the available energy from the Gulf Stream could supply Florida with 35 percent of its electricity needs.180 While five ocean currents pass near the United States, only two, the Gulf Stream and the Florida Straits Current, flow with enough power to generate significant energy. Also, this technology is still in the early stages of development. To date, no turbine has been deployed in the Gulf Stream for more than a few hours, and no commercially operating turbines are connected to an electric-power transmission or distribution grid.181 The majority of the projects in development will operate off the Florida coast due to its proximity to both the Gulf Stream and Florida Straits Current. Engineers working on ocean current technologies are developing new turbines as well as adapting turbines similar to those used in tidal currents. Internationally, countries such as Bermuda, Taiwan, Japan, and Australia are conducting research in this area. Energy Independence and Security Florida imports the vast majority of its energy.182 The opportunity for such an energy- dependent state to increase domestic energy production deserves attention. Ocean current energy technology, however, will not significantly decrease the demand for foreign energy sources until an efficient transmission system is developed and the electrification of the transportation sector increases. In the near future, ocean current energy has little application because of its high cost and early stage of development. Economic Impact and Feasibility The estimated cost per kWh for ocean current energy varies across projects and technologies. Camille Coley, Program Manager at Florida Atlantic University’s Center for Ocean Energy Technology, estimates a cost of between $0.05 and $0.14 per kWh.183 Christopher Sauer, President and CEO of the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC), gave preliminary projections of $0.08 per kWh for a 20 MW project involving the OCGen device.184 The developers of VIVACE (a non-turbine technology) estimate 56PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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