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Co-produced geothermal fluids, on the other hand, are hot, aqueous fluids produced during oil and gas operations in states including Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas. Once these hot liquids reach the surface, their heat energy is converted into electricity in geothermal power plants (usually binary cycle plants). Estimates indicate that power generation from co-produced hot water associated with existing hydrocarbon production could reach 5,000 to 10,000 MW by 2015152 and 50,000 to 60,000 MW by 2025.153 Energy Independence and Security Geopressured and co-produced fluids are a reliable, continuously available, domestic base load energy source. NREL experts estimate that the total energy could be 450 million barrels of oil equivalent, which could be added to domestic hydrocarbon reserves. However, geothermal energy production from oil and gas fields, and the recovery and production of geopressured gas resources, is insufficient to encourage private investment in long term projects. Further research and development is required if geopressured/co- produced fluids are to become a viable alternative energy option. The EISA 2007 provides $10 million a year for research and development, but this amount may not be sufficient to deliver a major technological breakthrough in this area. Economic Impact and Feasibility A new technology, the binary Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), could generate electricity locally in small (typically 250 KW) power plants. Recently, binary cycle ORC power plants have been installed at Chena, Alaska, as well as Las Animas, New Mexico, and Casper, Wyoming. The latter project is unique in its production of on-site renewable power and has the potential to increase the productivity and longevity of existing U.S. oil fields. Harnessing hot water produced during oil production to power the oil field could lead to more economical access to reserves, especially in older, depleted fields.154 The electricity this technology creates would cost roughly $1350/kW at installed capacity. Operating costs are projected at less than $0.05/kWh. Finally, experts estimate that 1.7 permanent jobs could be created per megawatt of capacity installed.155 Environmental Impact Despite environmental concerns such as brine disposal, reservoir compaction, surface subsidence, and fault activation, including geopressured/co-produced fluids as part of a national energy mix is largely advantageous. Geopressured/co-produced fluids do not require as much land as other fossil fuel or alternative energy sources and, since the resources are tapped directly at the source, no transportation or additional infrastructure is necessary to harness this energy. Over 30 years, a geothermal facility uses only 404 m2 of land per GWh, while a coal facility uses 3632 m2 per GWh.156 In addition, no additional greenhouse gases are emitted. 52PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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