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Fission has the potential to meet a large percentage of U.S. electricity demand. Although nuclear energy is a valid choice for supplying the base load power for an electric grid, it is important to maintain consistent levels of production during high and low usage periods. Proponents also have to deal with negative public perceptions, high building costs, and the potential build up of radioactive waste. Recent announcements describing planned construction of 24 new plants indicate the incentives are in place for an expansion of nuclear energy in the United States. As of November 2008, U.S. capacity was 100.266 million kW and net generation was 732,692 million kWh, accounting for 19.4 percent of electricity generated.88 Biofuels Biofuels refer to fuels derived from recently deceased biological material.89 Biofuels developed from biomass can be formed into a gas, liquid, or solid and used as an electricity source or transportation fuel. Liquid biofuels are considered most useful as they may substitute for, or supplement, gasoline as a fuel in the transportation sector (Figure 3.6), thereby reducing U.S. dependence on foreign energy resources. Biofuels first moved into the energy spotlight in 1973 during the OPEC oil embargo.90 They were believed to be a useful fuel source that could guarantee U.S. energy security and independence. When the oil embargo ended, however, attention faded. Not until the late 1990s did biofuels regain financial and political attention as a renewable energy source.91 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) stipulates that of all liquid transportation fuels used in the United States in 2022, 36 billion gallons must be biofuels and up to 15 billion gallons of this amount can be corn-based ethanol.92 The two most common forms of liquid biofuels are biodiesel and ethanol. Biodiesel is manufactured for use in petroleum-based diesel engines while ethanol is used in gasoline engines.93 The E10 blend (10 percent ethanol, 90 percent gasoline) is the most common though other blends exist, including E85 (85 percent ethanol, 15 percent gasoline) and E100 (100 percent ethanol). While B20 (20 percent biodiesel, 80 percent mineral diesel) is the most common blend of biodiesel, pure biodiesel (B100) is becoming more readily available.94 Both biodiesel and ethanol are produced from carbon-based feed stocks. Biodiesel is made from oilseeds, animal fats, and vegetable products. Ethanol, the most widely used biofuel worldwide, is an alcohol primarily produced from biomass high in sugar and starch content, such as corn and sugarcane.95 Methods to develop ethanol from other feedstocks such as algae or cellulosic materials are undergoing research.96 The European Union dominates the production and use of biodiesel while the United States and Brazil produce the highest amounts of ethanol.97 42PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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