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Insurance to help cover costs due to delays in construction or permitting and loan guarantees that can cover up to 80 percent of plant construction costs.79 According to the EIA’s Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2006, a nuclear power plant’s capital costs equal $1,913 per kW, the fixed operations and management costs are $61.82/kW per year, and the variable operations and management costs are $0.045 per kWh.80 The Congressional Research Service (CRS) estimates the break-even point for nuclear power capital costs versus coal-fired facilities initiated in 2015 at about $1,370 per kW of capacity. Under base case conditions, it seems unlikely that a new nuclear power plant would be constructed in the United States, barring a sustained, long- term increase in natural gas prices and the creation of a substantial, mandatory greenhouse gas reduction program that would increase coal-fired and natural gas-fired generating costs.81 On average, a nuclear power plant costs $0.017 per kWh to operate, as of 2005.82 A nuclear reactor can constantly run at full capacity without costing much more in fuel compared to natural gas or coal plants. Environmental Impact Public perception of nuclear reactors is often driven by fear of accidents like those that occurred at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. While the meltdown at Chernobyl was a catastrophe, the plant did not employ the safety features currently found on all U.S. reactors. The Three Mile Island incident was contained and resulted in no casualties. In fact, there have been no deaths associated with commercial nuclear power plants in the United States.83 Nuclear energy leaves a relatively small physical footprint compared to other alternative energy technologies, and produces no carbon emissions other than in the mining of the fuel and construction of the facilities.84 This has lead Patrick Moore, co-founder of Greenpeace, to become a vocal proponent of nuclear energy over other technologies.85 Nuclear power is, however, more water intensive than hydrocarbon-based plants.86 If public perception changes and political opposition is reduced, then nuclear energy can replace carbon intensive generation sources like coal and natural gas. The primary environmental concern is the mining of uranium and the disposal of radioactive waste. To address these concerns, countries such as France reprocess their spent uranium fuel, which reduces both the amount of nuclear waste and the demand for more mined uranium. Potential Role and Implications Patrick Moore stated, “It is not possible to reduce fossil fuel consumption by relying on renewables alone. It can only be done by including nuclear energy in the mix and by increasing its share of total energy production.”87 41PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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