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play a role in the U.S. energy technology transition. On the other hand, small hydro projects, with capacities ranging from 1 MW to 30 MW, have potential for growth. In 2006 the DOE identified 5,677 potential sites for hydropower projects across the country with an undeveloped capacity of 30,000 MW.18 Making existing power plants more efficient could further increase the total capacity of hydroelectric energy nationally. An improvement of only 1 percent would supply electricity to an additional 300,000 households.19 Biomass For centuries, humans have used biomass (bioenergy), the energy from plants and plant- derived materials, for food preparation and warmth.20 Wood continues to be the most utilized bioenergy resource, but food crops, grassy and woody plants, residues from agriculture or forestry, and the organic components of municipal and industrial wastes (MSW) can also supply energy.21 Biopower, biomass-generated electricity, uses a number of technologies: direct-firing, co-firing, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion.22 The majority of biopower plants use direct-fired systems. This system produces steam by burning raw materials; the steam drives a turbine that converts the energy into electricity. Some biomass producers use the leftover steam for manufacturing or space heating, increasing energy efficiency.23 Co-firing technology combines biomass materials with fossil fuels in conventional power plants. Coal-fired power plants that use co-firing systems reduce sulfur dioxide emissions.24 In fact, biomass feed stocks replace up to 20 percent of the coal used in boilers. These systems not only reduce harmful emissions but also result in lower operating costs. In 2000, the Chariton Valley Biomass Project, involving Alliant Energy, the DOE, and local biomass groups, began co-firing tests using switch grass and coal at Alliant’s Ottumwa Generating Station in Iowa. Due to the project’s success, in 2005, Alliant obtained permission to build a permanent biomass processing facility at the plant.25 Gasification systems use an oxygen-limited environment with high temperatures to turn biomass into synthetic gas. The result, “syngas,” can be chemically converted into other products, burned in conventional boilers, or used instead of natural gas to power a turbine.26 Using a process similar to gasification, the pyrolyzation of biomass involves the total exclusion of oxygen to convert feed stocks into liquids as opposed to gases. Pyrolysis oil can be burned to generate electricity, or used in chemical processes for making bioproducts.27 Anaerobic digestion uses naturally occurring bacteria to decompose organic material in closed reactors devoid of oxygen. The result is waste material that can be converted to compost and gases fit for use in power production.28 31PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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