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developing marine and hydrokinetic devices to capture energy from waves, tides, ocean currents, and the natural flow of water without building new dams or diversions. Energy Independence and Security Hydropower is an asset to energy independence since the plants create electricity using water, an abundant national resource. In addition, hydroelectric capacity can be ramped up quickly as demand rises, decreasing the likelihood of power outages. Development of small-scale (less than 10 MW) hydroelectric plants could also reduce the nation’s reliance on centralized power plants and transmission systems. This electricity could also help lessen U.S. dependence on foreign oil once electrification of the transportation sector proceeds. Economic Impact and Feasibility Hydroelectric generating plants are limited to areas with adequate water supply. The average cost of constructing a plant is $1,551 kilowatt hour (kWh) (2006 value),12 with average operations and maintenance cost of $13.59 kWh (2006). Existing regulations are a significant economic obstacle to developing a hydroelectric power plant as licensing typically costs between $150,000 and $1 million (EIA) per plant and takes 8 to 10 years.13 Due to these factors, energy analysts expect there will be no increase in hydroelectric capacity over the next 10 years.14 Consequently, few jobs will be generated in this area. Emerging hydroelectric technologies, such as hydrokinetic and wave energy conversion devices, offer potential ways to produce electricity with the help of running water but without building large dams. Environmental Impact Though hydropower does not directly produce greenhouse gases, it does negatively impact the environment. Power plants affect migratory patterns of fish and other aquatic life. Without aids such as fish ladders, fish cannot move past dams and other barriers. Hydropower plants also deoxygenate the water, potentially harming aquatic and riverbank wildlife. Ultimately, the environmental impact has to be determined case by case by examining the location of the plant, the type and size of the project, as well as the existing ecological habitats and climatic conditions.15 While major accidents involving hydroelectric plants are rare, their impact can be devastating and cause thousands of deaths.16 Potential Role and Implications Hydroelectricity is a mature technology compared to other renewable energy technologies and hydroelectric plants are the most efficient of all major types of power plants, converting as much as 90 percent of the available energy into electricity.17 Due to cost and environmental concerns, however, large-scale hydroelectricity is less likely to 30PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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