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116 TAYLOR CARBONELL DESIMONE 1. 4. APPLICATION OPPORTUNITIES ENABLED BY THE DESIGN OF SURFACTANTS FOR CO2 .................................... 131 4.1 Dispersion Polymerizations.................................... 131 4.2 Microemulsions ............................................ 132 4.3 Dry Cleaning and Degreasing Industries .......................... 132 5. BUILDING ON EXPERIENCE TO INTRODUCE NOVEL CO2-BASED APPLICATIONS .................................... 134 5.1 CO2-Swollen Melt Phase Step Growth Polymerization ................ 135 5.2 Solid State Polymerizations ................................... 136 5.3 Microcellular Foams ........................................ 137 5.4 Catalysis in Supercritical Fluids ................................ 137 6. CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 138 INTRODUCTION Imagine an alternative for the automotive industry that would eliminate the use of toxic chlorinated solvents during metal degreasing processes. What if the electron- ics industry deposited specially designed photoresists by a spin coating process that was independent of organic solvents? Imagine a hydrogenation reaction that proceeds in an environmentally friendly solvent and yet achieves 100% conver- sion and selectivity. What if a nontoxic alternative to perchloroethylene could be offered to the dry cleaning industry—improving the quality of life for employees as well as customers? What if manufacturing industries didn’t need to spend bil- lions of dollars on environmental compliance issues to control the level of organic solvents emitted to the environment (Figure 1)? Furthermore, what if the demands on municipal water and waste water systems could be dramatically reduced by changes in manufacturing technology (Figure 2)? Imagine an electronics industry that doesn’t have to use hundreds of millions of gallons of water per day to remove sub-micron particles during the manufacture of integrated circuits and flat panel displays. Imagine a polymer industry that avoids using trillions of BTUs annually to dry commercial polymers manufactured in aqueous reaction media. Imagine a textile industry that doesn’t need to use 100 pounds of water for every pound of yarn dyed. A more sobering viewpoint would be to imagine the next century without this technology. What if we continue to deplete our world’s natural resources, fill our skies with a seemingly unending array of pollutants, and muddy our waters with harmful toxins (Figure 3)? What if the industrial sector continues to consume a significant amount (20%–30%) of the world’s freshwater supply (1)? How long will our current water supplies last? How long will our children and grandchildren remain in good health? Environmental concerns over the extensive use of volatile organic solvents, halogenated solvents, and inordinate amounts of water by industries throughout the world have led to an extensive search for environmentally responsible sol- vents. The use of a particular solvent as a process aid, cleaning agent, or dispersantPDF Image | OPPORTUNITIES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION
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