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International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) – Volume 3 No. 2, February, 2013 solution. In total 25 cases have been simulated in the concentration of 0.0%, 2.5%,5.0%, 7.5% and 10% and Reynolds number of 10, 25, 50, 75, 100. The result shows that the average Nusselt number increases with the rise of the Reynolds number and the particle concentration. The heat transfer enhancement in the return section is more than the inlet and the outlet section of the pipe, due to the secondary flow. S.M.Fotukian and M.Nasr Esfahany [2] experimentally investigated turbulent convective heat transfer of dilute Al2O3/ water inside circular tubes. The nanofluid Al2O3 /water with dilute loading of 0.03%, 0.054%, 0.135% were studied. The Reynolds number was varied from 6000 to 31000. The experimental results indicated that addition of small amount of nanoparticles to pure water improves the heat transfer performance significantly. The maximum value of 48% increase in the heat transfer coefficient compared to pure water for 0.054% volume concentration at Reynolds number of 10000 was observed. Increasing the particle concentration did not show much heat transfer enhancement in the turbulent region. The ratio of convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid to that of pure water decreases with the Reynolds number. The pressure drop of the nanofluid with 0.135% volume concentration with showed 30% increase at Reynolds number of 20000 compared to pure water. Sharjeel Tahir and Manu Mital [3] performed numerical investigation of laminar alumina –water nanofluid laminar forced convection heat transfer in circular channel. The effect of particle diameter, Reynolds number, and concentration are investigated. The fluid is treated as continuous media and the floe field is solved by Navier- Stokes Equations. The validated numerical model is used for formulating a three factorial design matrix with each of the three independent variables at three levels. The matrix considers the particle size (50nm, 75nm, and 100nm), Reynolds number (250,750 and 1250), and particle volume fraction (1,2.5, and 4%). The effect of these variables were studied by developing three level, three factorial design with average heat transfer coefficient along the tube axis. It is seen that almost all the variation in the heat transfer coefficient is due to the change in these parameters. The Reynolds number is the most significant parameter in the heat transfer coefficient, while the particle volume fraction is the least significant. M.Nasiri et al. [4] experimented heat transfer of nanofluid through annular duct. The nanofluids were Al2O3 and TiO2 with water as the base fluid. The range of the Reynolds number for both the nanofluids were 4000 and 13000. The volume concentration for both fluids was 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of Al2O3 and TiO2. Both nanofluids shows higher Nusselt number than those of the base fluids and enhancement increases with the particle concentration. At Peclet number about 24400, the enhancement of Nusselt number for Al2O3/H2O nanofluid with concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% are 2.2%, 9%, 17% and 23.8% respecitively. For TiO2/H2O nanofluid, at Peclet number 53200 the increment in the Nusselt number with particle concentration of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% are 1%,2%, 5.1%, and 10.1%. Relative enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient is increased by increasing in the nanoparticle concentration for both nanofluids. This may be due to thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, the presence of the Brownian motion, nanoparticle migration in nanofliuid, possible slip at the wall, and thinner boundary layer thickness. Comparision shows similar properties for both nanofluids with the particle concentration are same. This can be related to the higher thermal conductivity and lower particle size of Al2O3 nanoparticles in Al2O3-water nanofluid. Javad Bayat and Amir Hossein Niksereht [5] studied numerically the thermal performance and the pressure drop of nanofluids in turbulent forced convection. The study involves the axisymmetric steady, forced turbulent convective flow of nanofluid through the circular tube having diameter D=1 cm and length L=1m, by mathematical modeling. The set of coupled non-linear Navier-Stoke differential equations have been discretized using finite –volume technique. The experimentation was performed on water/ Ethylene Glycol (60:40) by mass with Al2O3 for wide range of Reynolds number of 104PDF Image | Nanofluid Heat Transfer
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