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60 55 50 45 40 35 30 200 II. ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM The concept of an Advanced Energy System is shown in Fig. 3. It provides electricity and heat using a small S- CO2 FR as a dispersed energy source. An FR with an S-CO2 gas turbine achieves higher cycle efficiency than conventional Na-cooled FRs with steam turbines, eliminating conventional FRs’ problems related to safety, plant maintenance, and construction costs.3 The S-CO2 FR consumes, as fuel, the MA elements produced in the LWRs for the small fast reactors; furthermore, it reduces long- lived radioactive wastes and environmental loads of long- term geological disposal. Waste heat from the S-CO2 FR is recovered by a new waste-heat recovery system4; it is stored chemically as methane and methanol for use as fuel for gas turbines, automobiles, and fuel cells through high- temperature fermentation of garbage, woody wastes, and waste paper, which are produced in urban centers, along with excreta produced by farming activities. The waste-heat recovery and utilization result for the overall energy utilization efficiency is greater than 85%, saving energy resources and reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Consumption of waste products of cities and farms for methane and methanol production fosters a recycling society. Compact and high-performance microchannel heat exchangers are used in the S-CO2 FR, the new waste-heat recovery system and the high-temperature fermentation system, as described below. LWR (Av.278°C CO2 Gas Turbine CO GasTurbineCycle 2 Cycle (Direct) S-CO2 FR HTGR Partial Pre-Cooling Cycle (800°C, 51.4%) He Gas Turbine HTGR GT-MHR (850°C, 47.7%) Water/Steam Cycle (Indirect) LMFR HTGR Fort St.Vrain (538°C, 40.6%) , about 34%) He Gas Turbine Cycle Cycle (Direct) 400 Turbine Inlet Temperature (°C) Fig. 1 Comparison of cycle efficiencies 7.4 31.1 Temperature oC Fig. 2 State diagram and critical point of CO2 600 800 1000 Solid Liquid Super Critical Gas Triple Point Critical Point In FRs, about 60% of the energy generated in the core is dissipated from the steam condenser into the environment in a conventional system and from the pre-cooler and the intercooler in an advanced system. About 85% of core- generated energy could be used as electricity and heat if the waste heat were recovered and used economically. This would contribute more than current LWRs to reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions per unit electricity generation by a factor of 2.5 and reduce the accumulation of long-half-life radioactive materials, while simultaneously increasing uranium resource utilization. In fast reactors, minor actinide (MA) elements produced in LWRs, which are long-lived radioactive wastes and which require geological disposal, are useful as fuel by taking advantage of a harder neutron spectrum. The S-CO2 FR can thereby allay anxieties related to such wastes. The recovered waste heat from the S-CO FRs is used to 2 generate methane and methanol from human and animal wastes produced in cities and farms through bioconversion processes.2 Methane and methanol are useful as fuels in fuel cells, automobiles, and gas turbine power generation plants. Heat demand changes according to the time, season and region. Fluctuating heat demand can be addressed because methane and methanol can be transported and stored more easily than heat. Electricity Trans-Uranium Elements from LWRs 2 Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine Fast Reactor Waste Heat Fin Flow Area New H He ea at t E E x x c c h h a an n g g e er r Heat Heat Electricity Water Hydrogen Methane for Fuel Cells Garbage Waste Wood Fig.3 Advanced Energy System S ,S S i i m mp p l l e e , S a a f fe e, , S t S m to or ma r a Or Fuel Cell, Gas Engine, Gas Turbine Heat Recovery System Electricity Storage Ferrite B Oxide C H2O H2 Hydrogen Production & Fermentation + Ferrite A Nano-Carbon O2 New Catalyst F l Fa as st tR Re e a a c c l ll Pressure MPa Cycle Thermal Efficiency (%) Solar Energy Heat HeatPDF Image | ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM WITH NUCLEAR REACTORS
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