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ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM WITH NUCLEAR REACTORS

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ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM WITH NUCLEAR REACTORS ( advanced-energy-system-with-nuclear-reactors )

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AN ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEM WITH NUCLEAR REACTORS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE Yasuyoshi Kato, Takao Ishizuka and Konstantin Nikitin Research Laboratory for Nuclear Reactors Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1-N1-2, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, JAPAN Phone: +81-3-5734-3065, Fax: +81-3-5734-2959 e-mail: kato@nr.titech.ac.jp, takao.i@nr.titech.ac.jp, nikitin.k.aa@m.titech.ac.jp Abstract – An advanced energy system has been proposed that involves a supercritical carbon dioxide gas turbine fast reactor (S-CO2 FR) as a dispersed energy source, a new waste-heat recovery system from the FR, and a bioconversion system using the recovered waste heat. The FR with S-CO2 gas turbine achieves higher cycle efficiency than conventional sodium-cooled FRs with steam turbines, eliminating problems of conventional FRs related to safety, plant maintenance, and construction costs. The S-CO2 FR consumes minor actinide elements produced in light water reactors as fuel, thereby reducing long-lived radioactive wastes and environmental loads imparted by long-term geological disposal. The recovered waste heat is used for methane and methanol production through fermentation of human and animal wastes in cities and farms. The methane and methanol are easily transported and can accommodate demand changes; they are useful as fuel of fuel cells, automobiles, and gas turbine power plants. The total energy utilization efficiency in electricity and heat is estimated to be higher than 85%, contributing to saving of energy resources and reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions. Consumption of the waste products of cities and farms for production of methane and methanol fosters a recycling society. Compact and high-performance microchannel heat exchangers are used in the S-CO2 FR, the new waste-heat recovery system and the fermentation system. I. INTRODUCTION An advanced nuclear system has been proposed using an advanced fast reactor (FR), a heat recovery system and a bioconversion system, which would provide the following four “zero-releases” to the surrounding environment. a) zero emission of greenhouse gases b) zero accumulation of trans-uranium elements c) zero release of waste heat d) zero release of human and animal wastes Nuclear power plants do not emit greenhouse gases. Therefore, nuclear energy is effective to reduce their emissions. However, the thermal cycle efficiency of current light water reactors (LWRs) is about 34%. In other words, two-thirds of the energy generated in the core is dissipated into the environment as lukewarm water through steam condensers. For that reason, LWRs’ natural resource utilization efficiency is inferior to that of fossil-fuel-fired plants because the LWR cycle efficiency is considerably lower than that of modern fossil-fuel-fired power plants (ca. 43%) and liquid-natural-gas-fired cogeneration plants (ca. 53%). In contrast to LWRs, core outlet temperatures of FRs are as high as 530–550°C, providing cycle efficiencies of about 40%. Current FR systems use sodium (Na) for core cooling; electricity is generated using a steam turbine. However, some undesirable features of this system include: 1) Hazardous (chemical) reaction with water or air in the event of Na leakage 2) Higher capital costs, mainly because the system requires more intermediate cooling loops than light-water reactors (LWRs) do. Instead of conventional FRs, a supercritical carbon dioxide gas turbine FR (S-CO2 FR) attains higher cycle efficiencies of 43% at the turbine inlet temperature of 530°C and pressure of 20 MPa than those of conventional Na-core-cooled steam-turbine-cycle FRs (40%), as shown in Fig. 1.1 This higher cycle efficiency of the S-CO2 FR is ascribed to compressor work reduction around the critical point (see Fig. 2). The S-CO2 FR improves safety problems related to the hazardous reaction of Na with water and eliminates the extra intermediate cooling loops required for conventional FRs relative to LWRs, which elevate the FR capital costs. 1

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