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ARTICLE IN PRESS 426 R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 Fig. 1. Solar-powered cold box for vaccine preservation [60]. The prototypes in question were designed to use waste heat or solar energy as the main heat source. The applications under examination are ice making and air conditioning. Air conditioning systems are those with closed cycles as well as those systems with open cycles, such as in desiccant systems. The alternatives already studied to increase the performance of the machines are also presented; they mainly include the use of advanced type sorption cycles to improve the internal heat management and heat transfer intensification within the adsorber, to improve the SCP. 2. Solar-powered adsorption icemakers Sites with high insolation usually have a large demand for cooling to preserve food, drugs and vaccines, and considerable research has been de- voted to develop machines that could employ solar energy efficiently for such purposes. The develop- ment of sorption refrigeration systems powered by solar energy emerged in the late 1970s, following the pioneering work of Tchernev [57], who studied a basic solid sorption cycle with the working pair zeolite–water. Since then, a number of studies have been carried out, both numerically and experimen- tally; but the costs of these systems still make them non-competitive for commercialisation. Therefore, some research has focussed on cost reduction and on the increase of the efficiency of the machines, and promising results have already been obtained. Based on the results of a previous study [58], Pons and Guilleminot [59] concluded that solid sorption systems could be the basis for efficient solar- powered refrigerators, and they developed a proto- type with the pair activated carbon–methanol. This machine produced almost 6 kg of ice per m2 of solar panel when the insolation was about 20 MJ day1, with a solar COP of 0.12. This rate of ice production remains one of the highest obtained by a solar- powered icemaker. Critoph [60] mentioned a solar vaccine refrig- erator studied in his laboratory in the early 1990s [61]. Such machine, shown in Fig. 1, could maintain the cold box at 0 1C during the daytime, after one adsorption cycle, performed during the previous night. According to this author, although the COP and ice production of this machine (which used the pair activated carbon–ammonia), was less than those produced by a machine with the pair activated carbon–methanol, the former is less sensitive to small leakages, which makes it more reliable for application in remote areas where maintenance is not readily available. Li et al. [62] performed experiments with a solar- powered ice maker that had activated carbon– methanol as working pair. This icemaker, which is shown schematically in Fig. 2, had a COP ranging from 0.12 to 0.14, and produced between 5 and 6 kg of ice per m2 of collector. Analysing the temperature gradient within the adsorbent bed, the authors concluded that in order to improve the performance of this system, the heat transfer properties of the adsorber must be enhanced. This could be achieved by increasing the number of fins or using con- solidated adsorbent.PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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