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ARTICLE IN PRESS R.Z. Wang, R.G. Oliveira / Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 32 (2006) 424–458 425 3.1. Opencycles:desiccantcooling.................................................... 433 3.2. Solar-poweredairconditionersinrealapplications...................................... 435 4. Exhaustgas-drivenadsorptionicemakers................................................. 438 5. Exhaustgas-drivenadsorptionairconditioners ............................................ 440 6. CommerciallyproducedadsorptionchillersandadsorptionsystemsinCCHPs...................... 442 7. Heatpipesinadsorptionsystems ...................................................... 443 8. Keyissuesforthedevelopmentofadsorptionsystems ....................................... 448 8.1. Extendedsurfaces............................................................. 448 8.2. Coatedadsorbers ............................................................. 448 8.3. Consolidatedandcompositeadsorbents ............................................. 449 8.4. Advancedcycles.............................................................. 451 9. Conclusions ..................................................................... 453 Acknowledgements ................................................................ 455 References ...................................................................... 455 1. Introduction The interest in adsorption systems first started to increase due to the oil crisis in the 1970s, and then later, in the 1990s, because of ecological problems related to the use of CFCs and HCFCs as refrigerants. Such refrigerants, when released into the atmosphere, deplete the ozone layer and contribute to the greenhouse effect. Furthermore, with the increase in energy consumption worldwide, it is becoming even more urgent to find ways to use the energy resources as efficiently as possible. Thus, machines that can recover waste heat at low temperature levels—such as adsorption machines— can be an interesting alternative for wiser energy management. The conventional adsorption cycle has been presented extensively in the literature [1–3] and it mainly includes two phases: (1) Adsorbent cooling with adsorption process, which results in refrigerant evaporation inside the evaporator and, thus, in the desired refrig- eration effect. At this phase, the sensible heat and the adsorption heat are consumed by a cooling medium, which is usually water or air. (2) Adsorbent heating with desorption process (also called generation), which results in refrigerant condensation at the condenser and heat release into the environment. The heat necessary for the generation process can be supplied by a low- grade heat source, such as solar energy, waste heat, etc. In comparison with mechanical vapour compres- sion systems, adsorption systems have the benefit of saving energy, if powered by waste heat or solar energy, simpler control, no vibration and lower operation costs. In comparison with liquid absorption systems, adsorption systems can be powered by a large range of heat source tempera- tures, starting at 501C and going up to 6001C or even higher. Moreover, the latter system does not need a liquid pump or rectifier for the refrigerant, does not present corrosion problems due to the working pairs normally used, and it is less sensitive to shocks and to the installation position. These last two features make it suitable for applications in locomotives, busses, boats and spacecrafts. Although adsorption systems offer all the benefits listed above, they usually also have the drawbacks of low coefficient of performance (COP) and low specific cooling power (SCP). However, these inconveniences can be overcome by enhancing of the heat and mass transfer properties in the adsorber, by increasing the adsorption properties of the working pairs and by better heat management during the adsorption cycle. Thus, most research on this system is related to evaluation of adsorption and physical-chemical properties of the working pairs [4–24], development of predictive models of their behaviour in different working conditions [25–38], and the study of the different kinds of cycles [39–56]. Based on the results of this type of research, some prototypes were constructed and their performance was evaluated in laboratory, or in real applications. This paper presents the results obtained with these prototypes and some adsorption machines already on the market, and shows the analyses of their advantages and their disadvantages.PDF Image | Adsorption refrigeration
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