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430 Solar Collectors and Panels, Theory and Applications heat recovery of ORC using dry fluids. The results revealed that irreversibility depended on the type of heat source. Working fluid of the lowest irreversibility in recovering high- temperature waste heat fails to perform favorably in recovering low-temperature waste heat [5]. Liu et al. presented a performance analysis of ORC subjected to the influence of working fluid. It was revealed that thermal efficiency for various working fluids is a weak function of critical temperature [6]. Saleh et al. conducted a thermodynamic screening of 31 pure component working fluids for ORC using Backone equation of state. It was suggested that should the vapor leaving the turbine be superheated, an internal heat exchanger may be employed [7]. Madhawa et al. presented a cost-effective optimum design criterion for ORC utilizing low-temperature geothermal heat sources. Results indicated that ammonia possesses minimum objective function because of a better heat transfer performance, but not necessarily a maximum cycle efficiency [8]. Drescher et al. proposed a new heat transfer configuration with two thermal oil cycles to avoid the constriction of the pinch point between the organic fluid and thermal oil at the beginning of vaporization in biomass power and heat plants. Based on the new design, the influence of working fluids was analyzed and the family of alkyl benzenes showed highest efficiencies [9]. It should be noted that the majority of the previous research on ORC fluid selection was concerned in fields of waste heat recovery, geothermal and biomass applications. Integration of ORC and solar collectors has attracted limited attention. Wang et al. designed, constructed, and tested a prototype low-temperature solar Rankine system. With a 1.73 kW rolling-piston expander overall power generation efficiency is estimated at 4.2% or 3.2% for evacuated or flat plate collectors (FPC) respectively [10]. Ormat supplied a 1 MW power plant, based on ORC technology, to the new power facility of Arizona Public Service. It represented the first parabolic trough plant constructed since 1991 [11]. This paper combines ORC with compound parabolic concentrator (CPC). The feasibility and advantage of CPC application in solar thermal electric generation have been outlined [12, 13, 14]. In particular, FPCs are employed in series with CPC collectors. Three considerations should be made to understand the advantage of two-stage collectors. First, although CPC collectors offer relatively low overall heat loss when operated at high temperatures, efficiency may be lower than that of FPCs in low temperature ranges. Reflectivity of CPC reflectors and difference between the inner and outer diagram of the evacuated tube result in lower intercept efficiency. Thus, overall collector efficiency may be improved when FPCs are employed to preheat the working fluid prior to entering a field of higher-temperature CPC collectors. Second, FPC can absorb energy originating from all directions above the absorber (both beam and diffuse solar irradiance). Third, FPC currently costs less than CPC collector. Part of the reason is that production of FPC is considerably larger. Many excellent models of FPC are available commercially for solar designers [15]. Similarly, collector efficiency may be improved when two-stage heat storage units are employed with phase change material (PCM) of a lower melting point as the first stage, and PCM of a higher melting point as the second stage. Details are provided in the sections below. Due this innovative design the working fluid selection criteria are different from that for a solo ORC or ORC plants in waste heat recovery, geothermal and biomass fields. The collector efficiency will be influenced directly by the thermophysical properties of the working fluid e.g. the enthalpy-temperature diagram in the isobaric heating process. Furthermore, the optimal proportion of FPC area to overall collector area for the two-stage collectors is determined by both the operation condition and selection of working fluid. www.intechopen.comPDF Image | Working Fluid Selection for Low Temperature Solar Thermal Power Generation with Two-stage Collectors and Heat Storage Units
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