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4. UNDERTAKING HIGH IMPACT ACTIONS: TECHNOLOGY AND ... 4-086-12 JUMEL ET AL Heat Process Reuse Power Heat recovery solution B Heat recovery solution A T < T1 HEX T1 Hot flue gaz Operation 1 T> T2 Compression HP T2 Hot Liquid chaud Operation 2 ORC Thermoelectricity T3 Hot solid product chaud Operation 3 Legends : Process operation du procédé Waste heat source Waste heat recovery technology Heat recovery solution C Heat recovery solution D Heat recovery solution E Raw Materials Final Product Figure 3. Examples of waste heat recovery solutions according to heat sources. Figure 4. Configuration of a subcritical organic Rankine cycle (left) and T-s diagram of R-245fa (right). parameters is of high importance, since it may lead to higher efficiencies making these plants even more attractive for waste heat applications (Schuster, Karellas et al. 2010). The working fluid at the exit of the condenser is directly pumped from satu- rated liquid state to the supercritical pressure in supercritical Rankine cycle (Figure 5). Then, the heating process is realized in the higher temperature heat exchanger by heat absorption of working fluid from heat source. The heating process does not pass through two-phase region like in subcritical Rank- ine cycle, this result in a better thermal match in the heat ex- changer with less irreversibility (Chen, Goswami et al. 2010). When critical temperature of working fluid is far lower than the heat source temperature, supercritical ORC is often selected. In some cases, critical temperature of the fluid is slightly lower than heat source temperature, so both subcritical and super- critical ORC are feasible (Pan, Wang et al. 2012). The main advantage of the supercritical process is that the average high temperature in which the heat input is taking place is higher than in the subcritical fluid process, leading to a higher efficiency (Schuster 2008). On the other hand, some disadvantages of supercritical Rankine cycle have to be con- sidered, i.e. the difficulties in the operation at high pressure (e.g. 60–160 bars for CO2 supercritical cycle), the safety con- cern, and the investment cost rise due to special materials of the system. In present, the supercritical cycle with CO2 as the working fluid had paid a lot of attention thanks to its desir- able properties such as moderated critical point, stability, little environmental impact and low cost. However, the low critical temperature of carbon dioxide is considered like a disadvantage for the condensation process by (Chen, Goswami et al. 2010). Therefore, other working fluids for supercritical Rankine cy- cle were also studied, i.e. Hydrocarbons (Algieri and Morrone 2012); R134a, R227ea, R152a, R245fa, R236fa (Schuster, Karel- las et al. 2010); R32 (Chen, Yogi Goswami et al. 2011) and the mixture fluids (Chen, Goswami et al. 2011). Working fluids The selection of the working fluid plays a key role in ORC process and is determined by grade of heat source tempera- ture, ambient temperature or coolant liquid temperature and other criteria (e.g. environmental, economic criteria etc.). In- deed, working fluid properties have a tremendous impact on performance, operating conditions of the ORC system, envi- ECEEE 2012 SUMMER STUDY on EnERgY EffiCiEnCY in inDUSTRY 561PDF Image | Working Fluid selection and performance comparison of subcritical and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low temperature waste heat recovery
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