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Working fluid selection and performance comparison of subcritical and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low- temperature waste heat recovery Stéphanie Jumel EDF – Recherche et Développement Département Eco-efficacité des Procédés Industriels Site des Renardières 77818 Moret sur loing Cedex France stephanie.jumel@edf.fr Van Long Le (corresponding author) Theoretical and Applied Energy and Mechanics Laboratory CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France van-long.le@univ-lorraine.fr Keywords waste heat, industrial processes, heat recovery Abstract In the industrial and daily processes, a big amount of energy is lost as waste heat. This heat source reduces not only the energy efficiency of industrial process but it also contributes to green- house gases emissions and thermal pollution. In this context, the CERES project (Energy pathways for waste heat recovery in industrial systems), financed by the French National Research Agency, aims at developing a decision-making tool to optimize waste heat recovery in industrial process. Through this plat- form, the comparison of various technologies (heat pumps, thermoelectricity, ORC ...) based on technico-economic basis will be possible. In the article, it is proposed to describe one of these tech- nologies, the Organic Rankine Cycles (subcritical and super- critical cycle), which can be used to valorize low-temperature waste heat. The Organic Rankine Cycle performances were analyzed and compared via their thermal efficiencies and exergy analy- sis. Both of these cycles used a heat source simulated by hot air with an inlet temperature of 170 °C and a heat sink that is water at ambient temperature to cool down and condense the work- ing fluid. The performance calculations and the cycle simula- tion were carried out by Engineering Equation Solver (EES). Introduction Nowadays, just as world population is growing, so is world energy consumption. According to the New Policies Scenario in world energy outlook 2011 (IEA 2011), world primary en- Michel Feidt Theoretical and Applied Energy and Mechanics Laboratory CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France michel.feidt@univ-lorraine.fr Abdelhamid Kheiri Theoretical and Applied Energy and Mechanics Laboratory CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563 F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy France abdelhamid.kheiri@univ-lorraine.fr ergy demand is projected to increase from 12,150 Mtoe in 2009 to 16,950 Mtoe in 2035, an increase of 40 %, or 1.3 % growth per year . Consequently, solutions to face fossil fuels run out have to be found. Nuclear energy can contribute to meeting the growing demand for energy, but safety and nucle- ar waste treatment constrains are also limiting the use of this resource. Therefore, renewable energy production (i.e. solar energy, geothermal energy) is attracting much attention. Most of those renewable energy resources cannot be economically transformed into electricity by the traditional steam cycle which requires a high-temperature heat source (> 350 °C). Thus, many thermodynamic cycles for converting low-grade heat into electrical power have been studied, i.e. Kalina cycle, Goswami cycle, Trilateral Flash cycle, organic Rankine cycles (subcritical and supercritical Rankine cycle). Among these cycles, Organic Rankine Cycles are less complex and require less maintenance. Therefore these cycles have aroused much interest. In addition, industrial waste heat recovery is also of great in- terest. As a matter of fact, industrial sector energy consumption is about 27 % of total world energy consumption (2,282 Mtoe in 2009) (Figure 1.) and many national and international projects are carried out to improve the energy efficiency of the indus- trial processes. In practice, a large amount of energy is still lost as waste heat. This waste heat is generated during a combustion process or several other chemical/thermal processes, then is directly evacuated in environment (Tchanche, Lambrinos et al. 2011). In United States of America, 20–50 % or more of energy inputs are possibly lost at the end through flue gases, evaporative or radioactive heat losses and in waste steam and hot water in the ECEEE 2012 SUMMER STUDY on EnERgY EffiCiEnCY in inDUSTRY 559PDF Image | Working Fluid selection and performance comparison of subcritical and supercritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low temperature waste heat recovery
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