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ρ density, kg/m3 σmax maximum stress, MPa φ flow coefficient., dimensionless head coefficient, dimensionless 1. Introduction According the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) [2], there is an abundant source of emission-free power in the U.S. which is currently being overlooked. This source of power is known as waste heat, a by-product of industrial manufacturing processes which can potentially revitalize U.S. manufacturing, stimulate economic growth, lower the cost of energy, and reduce the carbon imprint due to emissions used for electricity generation. If not harnessed to generate emission-free, renewable equivalent power, waste heat is released into the atmosphere via stacks, vents, and other mechanical equipment. Waste Heat to Power (WHP) captures waste heat with a recovery unit, and converts the waste heat into electricity through a heat exchange process. WHP produces not emissions because no fuel is burned. The American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) estimates that there are approximately 575 MW of installed WHP capacity in the US alone, while the EPA [3] estimates that there is approximately 10 GW of WHP capacity in the U.S., enough to power 10 million U.S. homes. From the Heat is Power (HiP) Association [4], WHP is included in 15 state renewable energy portfolio standards. By using WHP to generate emission-free power, users can re-route the power back to the local infrastructure grid or sell it to the host grid in order to support clean energy production, distribution and usage. The primary technologies employed by WHP systems are Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2), the Kalina Cycle, the Stirling Engine, and other emerging technologies such as thermo-electrics. In this current paper, we demonstrate the use of SCO2 technology as a viable resource for the generation of emission-free electricity, which is clearly a renewable energy breakthrough. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, SCO2 has been considered a viable alternative working fluid for power cycles since the 1960s because it provides several advantages over steam and helium [5-9]. The density of SCO2 allows energy extraction devices to have a much smaller footprint than comparable steam and helium based turbo machinery [9]. Additionally, the critical point of CO2 is very low (31.1 °C and 7.4 MPa) compared to other fluids, allowing for heat transfer from low temperature (200 °C – 500 °C) sources to the supercritical state [10]. Operating in the single supercritical phase throughout the proposed cycle reduces the need for two-phase hardware [9]. However, due to the operating pressure and highly variable, non-linear fluid properties, suitable hardware for industrial use did not exist until recently [7, 8]. Advancements in compact heat exchangers and turbo machinery coupled with the drive for business to become “green” has revived interest in SCO2 power cycles leading to new solutions for energy addition and extraction [7, 8]. More recently, the investigations of [11-13] have advanced the applicability of SCO2 cycles for use in low-grade waste heat recovery. The studies of [14-17] afford comprehensive comparative thermodynamics analyses comparing the feasibility of using SCO2 for low-grade waste heat recovery. The work of [18] offers a parametric optimization study of the SCO2 power cycle for waste heat recovery maximization. The breakthrough work of [19,20] has led to the year 2013 unveiling of a 8 MW SCO2 EPS100 commercially available heat recovery system from Echogen Power Systems, LLC. Studies addressing the attraction of SCO2 cycles for other applications including Solar Thermal, Geothermal and automobile fuel consumption applications include the works of [21-25]. From the literature review presented herein, the relation of the current paper and the arena of renewable energy has been properly placed into context. The objective of this current paper is to investigate the waste heat regenerative SCO2 Rankine cycle performance and feasibility with low flow rate through mathematical modeling and to compare our results with previous findings and offer a hardware selection guidelines in the form of a novel expander device which can be used to generate electricity via a SCO2 Rankine regenerative cycle. 2. Regenerative Rankine Cycle Layout The waste heat regenerative Rankine cycle is made up of six components as shown in Figure 1. 2PDF Image | Waste Heat Energy Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Recovery Cycle Analysis and Design
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