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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 to the saturation temperature [111]. The schematic configuration of the TLC and its T-s diagram is shown in Fig. 11 [112]. The advantage of the TLC is the more efficient heat transfer between the heat source and working fluid. Löffler [113] reported that TLC - systems shows efficiencies around 50%–100% higher than those of ORC - systems. A model for comparison of TLC - and ORC - systems have been introduced by Zamfirescu and Dincer [111]. They used this model with an inlet heat source of 150 °C and a cooling air of 25 °C for ammonia-water mixtures and for the ORC working fluids were pure R141b, R123, R245ca, and R21. In another work, Fischer [114] reported that exergy efficiency for power production is higher by 14%–29% for the TLC with the two-phase expander utilization compare with the ORC. Similar to the transcritical cycle, designing of an efficient and reliable two-phase expander is under research; however recent progresses are being made for screw expander. Fig. 11 (a) Configuration of a TLC- system (b) The Trilateral cycle in the T-s diagram [112] 2.6 Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) To avoid the requirement of a two-phase expander, the liquid and vapor components of the mixture can be separated, and the vapor sends to expander. In the trilateral flash cycle, heat adds to the working fluid in a single-phase liquid, thus there is no isothermal phase change as shown in Fig. 9(b). This cycle is similar to the flash steam cycle that utilizes high temperature and pressures liquid state geofluid extracted from a geothermal well. The extracted liquid geofluid is throttled to a lower pressure or flashed to produce a liquid–vapor mixture [38,115]. The important disadvantage of the steam flash cycle is that since the water is a ”wet” fluid, the steam leaving expander contains a significant amount of moisture [59]. Isentropic expansion of a “wet” fluid from its saturated vapor state creates a two-phase mixture with liquid droplets forming. Even though large steam turbines regularly have isentropic efficiencies of around 80% to 90%, saturated steam cycles still require wet steam turbines. Wet steam turbines are expensive due to need reinforcing materials for blades to protect from erosion make by the liquid droplets [115]. Turbine cost is reduced for the OFC because there is no need for blade reinforcing. The OFC layout and its T-s diagram are shown in Fig. 12 [116]. The effectiveness of 13PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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