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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 The more application of the Kalina cycle is limited to medium–low temperatures heat sources (300–400 °C in heat recovery, and 100–120 °C in the binary geothermal plants) and to small power conversion systems [65–68]. The results for evaluating the impact of an ammonia–water environment on the life expectancy of traditional power plant materials in the Canoga Park demonstration plant indicate that for turbine throttle operating temperatures of up to 540 °C, traditional materials of construction are acceptable. Nevertheless, at more than 400 °C using ammonia–water mixture is corrosive and not advisable [69,70]. Whittaker studied the corrosion effect at the Kalina cycle geothermal power plant in Husavik, Iceland. The analysis states that mild steel and aluminum seem to be unsuitable materials but several stainless steels (304, 316) are appropriate for Kalina Cycle Systems [69,71]. Numerous derivatives of the Kalina cycle have been designed for specific applications such as geothermal energy, solar thermal energy, waste heat recovery, and combined cycle systems. The Kalina cycle requires precision for the mixing and separation processes, and small pinch temperatures, which mean larger heat exchangers. Presently, the Kalina cycle is second only to the ORC in terms of popularity in real application. Some installed units are listed in Table 5 [72]. 2.3.2 The Maloney-Robertson cycle The ammonia–water mixture as a working fluid for power production was first presented by Maloney and Robertson [73] and then enhanced by Kalina. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 6. The rich ammonia from the heater sent to the super heater (state 7). The superheated vapor expanded in a turbine, and then mixed with the weak solution from distillation unit (state 11) and is used to absorb the rich vapor in ammonia to regenerate the base solution (state 1). The Maloney-Robertson cycle was less complex than the Kalina cycle; however, it used the mixture composition in the volatile component prior to heat rejection. Ibrahim and Klein [74] and Park and Sonntag [75] studied the Kalina and showed that since during the condensation process in the Kalina cycle the heat exchanges with the environment, there is a limitation on the working fluid temperature exiting the turbine. An absorption condensation process can be employed to avoid this limitation. Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of the Maloney Robertson cycle 8PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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