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Bahram Saadatfar, Reza Fakhrai and Torsten Fransson, JMES Vol 2 Issue 1 2014 energy conversion is driven by the temperature gradient between hot and cold reservoir. There are many well-known mechanical heat engines: vapor cycles, Otto cycle, Bryton cycle, Diesel cycle, and Stirling. The effort is to introduce advanced power vapor cycle configurations to reach higher cycle efficiencies. Vapor cycles can be utilized low and medium temperature energy resources such as geothermal [4], solar thermal [5], biomass [6] and industrial waste heat (main characteristics of typical heat source and heat sink are listed in Table 1 [7,8]). Vapor cycles can also be used in a combined cycle to reach higher efficiency [9,10]. 2. Vapor power cycles for finite thermal sources This section starts with a short review on a simple steam Rankine cycle as a conventional and practical vapor power cycle. Then it is given a review of advanced vapor power cycles such as the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the Kalina cycle, and flash cycle (FC). These advanced cycles are often used for conversion of low to the medium heat source to power. These heat sources include solar thermal, geothermal energy, waste heat sources from industrial process and exhaust gases. 2.1 Steam Rankine cycle The traditional approach to generate electricity from heat is utilizing water as a working fluid in Rankine cycle and steam turbines [11]. The most part of the world’s electricity is generated by steam Rankine cycle (SRC). A schematic diagram of the steam Rankine power plant and the temperature vs. entropy diagram are shown in Fig. 1. It consists of four main components: boiler, steam turbine, condenser, and feed water pump. In an ideal cycle, saturated water pumped to a high pressure, then superheated steam at state 3. The superheated steam expands through the turbine and generates power and after that condensed to saturated water. The efficiency of such a system improves by reheating and utilizing feedwater components. Large steam Rankine plants operates near 550°C with efficiencies around 30% [12]. Steam Rankine cycle is also employed in combined cycles to recover waste heat from high temperature gas turbine exhaust. This is done by the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HSRG) unit. Depending on the gas inlet temperature and the amount of recoverable heat, using single or multiple-pressure HSRG is feasible [13]. Fig. 1. (a) Simple diagram of steam Rankine cycle (b) T-s diagram of the simple steam Rankine cycle 2PDF Image | Thermodynamic Vapor Cycles for Converting Low- to Medium-grade Heat to Power: A State-of-the- art Review and Future Research Pathways
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