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170 S. Quoilin et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013) 168–186 Nomenclature cd condenser el electrical em eletromechanical ev evaporator ex exhaust exp expander in internal mech mechanical ncg non-condensing gases pp pump sc subcooling su supply tp two-phase tot total D diameter (m) h specific enthalpy (J/(kg K)) M_ mass flow rate (kg/s) N rotating speed (Hz) p pressure (Pa) pinch pinch point value (K) Q_ heat power (W) r ratio (–) rv,in internal built-in volume ratio (–) T temperature (1C) U peripheral speed (m/s) V velocity (m/s) v specific volume (m3/kg) W_ electrical or mechanical power (W) Acronyms Greek symbols e effectiveness Z efficiency j filling factor r density (kg/m3) Subscripts and superscripts amb ambient c critical CHP combined heat and power CSP concentrated solar power EGR exhaust gas recirculation GHG green house gases GWP global warming potential ICE internal combustion engine NPSH net positive suction head ODP ozone depleting potential ORC Organic Rankine Cycle WHR waste heat recovery this layout can also be used to produce heat with a COP41 if the ORC is coupled to a heat pump [3]. For an overview of these more innovative and prospective applications, the interested reader can refer to [2,3]. 2.1. Biomass combined heat and power Biomass is widely available in a number of agricultural or industrial processes such as wood industry or agricultural waste. Among other means, it can be converted into electricity by combustion to obtain heat, which is in turn converted into electricity through a thermodynamic cycle. The cost of biomass is significantly lower than that of fossil fuels. Yet, the investment necessary to achieve clean biomass combustion is more impor- tant than for classic boilers. For small decentralized units, the generation cost of electricity is not competitive and combined heat and power generation is required to ensure the profitability of the investment. Therefore, in order to achieve high energy conversion efficiency, biomass CHP plants are usually driven by the heat demand rather than by the electricity demand [4]. The possibility to use heat as a by-product is an important asset of biomass ORCs, highlighting the importance of a local heat demand, which can be fulfilled e.g. by industrial processes (such Fig. 1. Schematic view of an ORC with (right) and without (left) recuperator.PDF Image | Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems
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