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article info Article history: Received 3 July 2012 Received in revised form 10 January 2013 Accepted 14 January 2013 Keywords: Organic Rankine Cycle ORC Waste heat recovery Binary cycle Biomass Combined heat and power Contents abstract New heat conversion technologies need to be developed and improved to take advantage of the necessary increase in the supply of renewable energy. The Organic Rankine Cycle is well suited for these applications, mainly because of its ability to recover low-grade heat and the possibility to be implemented in decentralized lower-capacity power plants. In this paper, an overview of the different ORC applications is presented. A market review is proposed including cost figures for several commercial ORC modules and manufacturers. An in-depth analysis of the technical challenges related to the technology, such as working fluid selection and expansion machine issues is then reported. Technological constraints and optimization methods are extensively described and discussed. Finally, the current trends in research and development for the next generation of Organic Rankine Cycles are presented. & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22 (2013) 168–186 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems Sylvain Quoilin a,n, Martijn Van Den Broek b,c, Se ́ bastien Declaye a, Pierre Dewallef a, Vincent Lemort a a Thermodynamics Laboratory, University of Liege, Campus du Sart Tilman, B49, B-4000 Liege, Belgium b Howest—Thermodynamics Group, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium c Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University—Ugent, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium 1. Introduction......................................................................................................169 2. ORCtechnologyandapplications.....................................................................................169 2.1. Biomass combined heat and power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 2.2. Geothermal energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.3. Solar power plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 2.4. Wasteheatrecovery .........................................................................................172 2.4.1. Heat recovery on mechanical equipment and industrial processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 2.4.2. Heat recovery on internal combustion engines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173 3. ORCmanufacturerandmarketevolution...............................................................................173 4. ComparisonwiththesteamRankinecycle..............................................................................174 5. Workingfluidselection.............................................................................................175 6. Expansionmachines ...............................................................................................177 6.1. Turbomachines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.2. Positive displacement expanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 6.2.1. Performanceindicatorsforpositive-displacementexpanders ..................................................179 6.2.2. Reported performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 7. Heatexchangers...................................................................................................181 8. Pump...........................................................................................................181 8.1. Controllability ..............................................................................................181 8.2. Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.3. Tightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.4. Low net pressure suction head (NPSH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 8.4.1. Pre-feed pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 8.4.2. Gravityfedworkingfluidpump .........................................................................183 n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ32 4 366 48 22; fax: þ32 4 366 48 12. E-mail address: squoilin@ulg.ac.be (S. Quoilin). 1364-0321/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.028PDF Image | Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems
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