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applications. The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty for the protection of the stratospheric ozone layer, and the EC regulation 2037/2000 restrict the use of ozone depleting substances (European Parliament and council, 2004). Therefore, the cycle designer should always be aware of the global warming potential and the low ozone depletion of the working fluid before designing the ORC application. Finally, safety reasons like the maximum allowable concentration and the explosion limit should be considered. In TABLE I four selected fluids and their characteristics are presented. TABLE I. LIST OF WORKING FLUIDS. Rotary screw compressors are also positive displacement machines. The mechanism for gas compression utilises either a single screw element or two counter rotating intermeshed helical screw elements housed within a specially shaped chamber. As the mechanism rotates, the meshing and rotation of the two helical rotors produces a series of volume-reducing cavities. Gas is drawn in through an inlet port in the casing, captured in a cavity, compressed as the cavity reduces in volume, and then discharged through another port in the casing. Screw type compressors can work in the reverse direction also as expanders providing similar efficiencies. The effectiveness of the screw mechanism is dependent on close fitting clearances between the helical rotors and the chamber for sealing of the compression cavities. 3. Applications of the organic Rankine cycle The use of waste heat from a process is the main application of the Organic Rankine Cycle. Figure shows the general scheme of waste heat recovery by means of ORC process. More specifically, waste heat is transferred via a thermal oil into the organic medium in the evaporator. The organic medium is then expanded in the turbine. Fluid R134a R227ea R236fa R245fa Tc [°C] 101,1 101,7 124,9 154,1 pc [bar] 40,6 29,3 32,0 36,4 Ts, 1 bar [°C] -27,1 -16,5 -1,4 14,9 ps, 20 °C [bar] 5,7 3,9 2,3 1,2 The fluids are given in critical temperature Tc and normal boiling temperature Ts, 1 bar . pc is the critical pressure and ps the vapour pressure at 20°C. The ORC process can work with a constant superheating of a few Kelvin. Higher superheating in order to avoid liquid in the exhaust vapour is not necessary, because the expansion ends in the area of superheated vapour in contrast to water. Higher superheating of the vapour is favorable for higher efficiencies, but because of the low heat exchange coefficients this would lead to very large and expensive heat exchangers. 2.2 The turbine The power range of ORC process applications can vary from a few kW up to 1 MW. The most commonly used turbines which are available in the market cover a range above 50 kW. Therefore, expanders in the power range below 10 kW have to be found. A very promising solution to this turbine market problem is to use the scroll expander. This expander works in a reverse way as the scroll compressor, which is a positive displacement machine used in air conditioning technologies. Scroll machines have two identical coils the one of which is fixed and the other is orbiting with 180° out of phase forming crescent-shaped chambers, whose volumes accelerate with increasing angle of rotation. Another promising machine for the expansion of the working fluid is the screw type compressor. the order of rising Evaporator Thermal oil loop Recuperator Turbine G Generator Condenser Cooling Circuit M Feed Pump Figure 3. Main components of the ORC. In this chapter three different types of ORC applications will be discussed: The use of waste heat from biomass combustion, internal combustion engines and geothermal process. 3.1. Biomass combustion Combustion is the most common process for energy production from this renewable fuel. The fact that it is CO2-free has lead the countries to the financial support of biomass combustion technologies. Some countries like for example Germany support extra the use of innovative technologies such as ORC process. Therefore, Int. J. of Thermodynamics, Vol. 11 (No. 3) 103PDF Image | Supercritical Fluid Parameters in Organic Rankine Cycle Applications
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