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400 300 200 100 0 output is analogue to the enthalpy fall in the turbine minus the enthalpy rise in the pump: P ~(h −h)−(h −h) (2) mech 3 4 2 1 The heat input to the ORC process is done usually with the help of the thermal oil and is analogue to: & according to Figure 2. In the case of supercritical process, the enthalpy fall (h3’-h4’) is much higher than in the subcritical one, whereas the feed pump’s additional specific work to reach supercritical pressure, which corresponds to the enthalpy rise (h2’-h2), is very low. Therefore, according to equation (1), the efficiency of the process is higher in the case of supercritical ORC parameters and this fact provides new frontiers in the investigation of ORC applications. For the heat exchange system that transfers the heat from the heat source to the organic fluid, the efficiency is defined by the following equation: & Water C. P. Water pp C. P. p2p==10bbaar r 3 2 3 p p==22bar p 1 1 pp==30 baar r 33 p2 2 p p1 1 Organic Fluid Organic Fluid 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 Entropy [kJ/kg] Figure 1. T-S Diagram for organic fluid and water. average temperature level. In reality such big superheating as shown in the diagram would not be realized due to the tremendous heat exchange area needed due to the low heat-exchange coefficient for the gaseous phase. 200 150 100 = QOrganic fluid (4) & QThermal−oil ~ (h3 − h2 ) (3) h1, h2, h3 and h4 are the specific enthalpies Subcritical ORC subcritical ORC Supercritical ORC ’ supercritical ORC 3 3 3‘ 3‘‘ 4 4’ 1 2’ 2 5 η HEx Finally, the efficiency of the whole system QHeat−source is defined as follows: ηSystem = 50 QHeat−source P mech =ηHEx ⋅ηth (5) 0 The above presented efficiencies will be used for the qualitative analysis of the ORC applications which will be described in this paper. 2. Cycle design 2.1 Organic Fluids The first step when designing an ORC cycle application is the choice of the appropriate working fluid. The working fluids which can be used are well known mainly from refrigeration technologies. The selection of the fluid is done according to the process parameters of the cycle. According to the critical pressure and temperature, as well as the boiling temperature in various pressures, the appropriate fluid which provides the highest thermal and system efficiency has to be selected. However, the thermodynamic parameters of the fluid are not the only criteria to select them for efficient 0,75 1,25 Entropy [kJ/kg] 2,25 Figure 2. Sub- and supercritical ORC. Example of R245fa. The thermal efficiency of the cycle is defined as follows: P ηth= mech (1) Pmech is the net mechanical power produced with the ORC process (which will be assumed as equal the net electrical power). This power 1,75 & & QThermal −oil 102 Int. J. of Thermodynamics, Vol. 11 (No. 3) Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]PDF Image | Supercritical Fluid Parameters in Organic Rankine Cycle Applications
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