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evaporating pressure recedes. The impact of condensing tempera- ture is larger than that of evaporating pressure. When the operating conditions of different working fluids are identical, the sequence of system thermal efficiency from maximum to minimum is R113, R141b, R11, R123, R245ca, R245fa, R114, Butane, R236ea. The reasons can be explained based on a simplied ORC model [8,20]. Theoreti- cally, the thermal efficiency of A type of ORC can be expressed as calculated according to equation (21) is 10.12%. When the evaporating temperature is reduced by 1 K, the thermal efficiency decreases by 0.1%; but when the condensing temperature is decreased by 1 K, the thermal efficiency rises by 0.27%. The deviation of the thermal effi- ciency values with regard to the condensing temperature is two times greater than that with respect to the evaporating temperature. Therefore, the influence of condensing temperature on system thermal efficiency is greater than of evaporating pressure. Considering the selected working fluids, when Te and Tc are fixed to a pair of identical values, their thermal efficiencies are merely dependent on their critical temperatures Tcr and n values. These two properties are determined by the working fluids’ molecular compositions and structures. Essentially, it is the discrepancy of the molecular forces generated by different working fluids that causes the variation of these thermodynamic properties. In searching for the working condition in which the greatest thermal efficiency is achieved, the contour maps for each organic working fluid are plotted in Fig. 8 for comparison. The feasible region is limited by two boundary lines. The upper one is con- strained by the maximum volumetric flow rate; the lower one is limited by the maximum pressure ratio. Four contour lines are added in each map, and the gradient for these lines is explained below, where the maximum and minimum thermal efficiencies in the feasible region can be found, respectively. The difference of these two values Dh is defined as 1T =T n 1T =T n hth1⁄41 ecrþ mcr 1 Tc=Tcr 1 Tc=Tcr nT=T T=TT=T!1 m cr þ1 e cr c cr 1 Tm=Tcr Tm=Tcr where Tm and n can be denoted as follows: ð21Þ E.H. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 3406e3418 3413 Tm1⁄4TeþTc (22) 2 L 10 n 1⁄4 0:00264 b þ 0:8794 RTb (23) For most working fluids, the exponent n in equation (21) varies in a narrow range between 0.375 and 0.380 [34,35]. Using R245fa as an example, its value equals to 0.381. Considering the working point of Te 1⁄4 390 K and Tc 1⁄4 340 K, the thermal efficiency of R245fa Fig. 14. Contour maps of the volumetric flow rate.PDF Image | Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery
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