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3412 E.H. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 3406e3418 the equation of state are no more than 0.2% in density for the liquid, and 0.4% for the vapor, and 0.4% in vapor pressure among all the selected organic working fluids. A detailed description of accuracy can be found from the NIST website for different working fluids. The work flow diagram of the calculation algorithm in Matlab is shown in Fig. 6. Initially, the working points defined by the condensing temperature and the evaporating pressure were computed. The condensing temperatures selected were equidistant from 300 K to 360 K; the evaporating pressures were also equally distributed from 0.2 MPa to 2 MPa. Next, the thermodynamic values, such as entropy and enthalpy, for each A type state points were calculated for each working fluid. (Here, REFPROP was treated as a COM function in Matlab.) Then the ORC performances based on these state points were calculated according to equations (1)e(13). Subsequently, the constrained conditions of (4) and (5) were taken into account, when the ORC working region defined by the evap- orating pressure and the condensing temperature was trimmed from a rectangle into an irregular shape. This irregular shape represents the feasible working region. The working points were redesignated within the feasible region, and the ORC performances were computed again based on the new working point definitions. Comparing the ORC performances of A type for different working fluids, the results were plotted as various surfaces and contour maps and are shown in Figs. 7e17. ORC thermal efficiency is the most important index used to estimate performance. System thermal efficiency of ORC varies with the condensing temperature and the evaporating pressure in the feasible region, and formed a surface as shown in Fig. 7. The results indicate that thermal efficiency inc- reases as condensing temperature diminishes, and decreases as Fig. 13. Volumetric flow rate comparison. Fig. 12. Contour maps of the expansion pressure ratio.PDF Image | Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery
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