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Table 1 The properties of the selected pure work fluids. E.H. Wang et al. / Energy 36 (2011) 3406e3418 3409 Substance 1 R245fa 2 R245ca 3 R236ea 4 R141b 5 R123 6 R114 7 R113 8 R11 9 Butane Molecular mass [kg/kmol] 134.05 134.05 152.04 116.95 152.93 170.92 187.38 137.37 58.122 Tba [K] 288.05 298.28 279.34 305.2 300.97 276.74 320.74 296.86 272.6 Pcrb [MPa] 3.64 3.925 3.502 4.46 3.662 3.257 3.392 4.408 3.796 Tcrc [K] 427.2 447.57 412.44 479.96 456.83 418.83 487.21 471.11 425.12 ASHRAE 34 safety group B1 n.a. n.a. n.a. B1 A1 A1 A1 n.a. Atmospheric life time [yr] 7.2 6.6 8 9.3 1.3 300 85 45 9.3 ODPd GWPe [100 yr] 0 950 0 610 0 1200 0.086 700 0.012 120 0.85 9800 0.9 6130 1 4600 0.12 725 n.a.: non-available. a Tb: normal boiling point. b Pcr: critical pressure. c Tcr: critical temperature. d ODP: ozone depletion potential, relative to R11. e GWP: global warming potential, relative to CO2. The exergy destruction of the IHE is modeled as I_IHE 1⁄4 T0m_ 1⁄2ðs4a s4Þ þ ðs2a s2Þ _ hh! Ie 1⁄4T0m_ ðs3s2aÞ 3 2a (17) The condensation process is modeled as equations (18) and (19) (15) The corresponding evaporation process equations (2) and (6) are TH instead of (4) and (8): replaced by equations (16) and (17): Q_e 1⁄4m_ðh3h2aÞ (16) Q_c 1⁄4m_ðh4ah1Þ (18) _ hh! Ic 1⁄4T0m_ ðs1s4aÞ 1 4a (19) TL The total exergy loss is calculated as _ hh hh! Itot 1⁄4 T0m_ 3 2a 1 4a (20) TH TL 3. Simulation and performance analysis Fluid selection is one of the most important contributors to overall cycle performance. Fluid thermodynamics, material compatibility, flammability, toxicity and other properties must be considered with respect to the vehicle’s needs. Desirable characteristics of the working fluids include appropriate boiling point temperature, low latent heat, high critical temperature and pressure, suitable specific volume, low density and surface tension, high thermal conductivity, high thermal stability, non-corrosive, non-toxic, and compatibility with engine Fig. 6. Work flow diagram for the ORC performance calculation. Fig. 7. System thermal efficiency comparison of different working fluids for A type.PDF Image | Study of working fluid selection of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for engine waste heat recovery
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